Login Register Cart 0
Current Nutrition & Food Science

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Overview of Dietary Supplements Use: A Narrative Review

Author(s): Mariam Hasan, Sabika Allehdan*, Tariq Alalwan, Simone Perna and Reema Tayyem

Volume 20, Issue 8, 2024

Published on: 11 January, 2024

Page: [973 - 981] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/0115734013271923231227041108

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Dietary supplements are ingestible nutrient products used in individuals’ diets to meet their adequate intake of nutrients required for general health purposes. This review aims to explore the impact of using dietary supplements in relation to communicable and non-communicable diseases, as well as some adverse effects caused by dietary supplements. Findings indicated that vitamin D supplements can aid in recovery from flu and COVID-19. Folic acid can reduce stroke incidents among adults with hypertension. Moreover, vitamin C or calcium intake is significantly associated with lowering diabetes risk. Advantageous effects have been reported of high doses of vitamin C against breast cancer. Moreover, frequent consumption of vitamin E reduced the risk of chronic lung diseases by 10%. In conclusion, the present review confirms the beneficial health effects of dietary supplement consumption and suggests further investigations for a better understanding of their mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Keywords: Dietary supplements, Communicable diseases, Non-communicable diseases, COVID-19, hypertension, chronic lung disease.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract illustrating key findings of the study

[1]
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Questions and Answers on Dietary Supplements. 2023. Available form:https://www.fda.gov/food/information-consumers-using-dietary-supplements/questions-and-answers-dietary-supplements (Accessed: 2023 January 25).
[2]
Hassan S, Egbuna C, Tijjani H. Dietary supplements: Types, health benefits, industry and regulation. Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Springer 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_3]
[3]
Valavanidis A. Dietary supplements: Beneficial to human health or just peace of mind? A critical review on the issue of benefit/ risk of dietary supplements. Pharmakeftiki 2016; 28(2): 69-92.
[4]
Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The influence of micronutrients on cognitive function and performance. J Int Med Res 2007; 35(1): 1-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323000703500101] [PMID: 17408051]
[5]
Jew S, AbuMweis SS, Jones PJH. Evolution of the human diet: Linking our ancestral diet to modern functional foods as a means of chronic disease prevention. J Med Food 2009; 12(5): 925-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0268] [PMID: 19857053]
[6]
Wrangham R, Carmody R. Human adaptation to the control of fire. Evolution Anthropol 2010; 19(5): 187-99.
[7]
Durzan DJ. Arginine, scurvy and Cartier’s “tree of life”. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2009; 5(1): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-5] [PMID: 19187550]
[8]
Milne I. Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve. J R Soc Med 2012; 105(12): 503-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2012.12k090] [PMID: 23288083]
[9]
Li J, Li X, Gathirua-Mwangi W, Song Y. Prevalence and trends in dietary supplement use among US adults with diabetes: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1999-2014. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8(1): e000925.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000925] [PMID: 31958304]
[10]
Basheer HA, Elsalem L, Jaber D, Ibraheem SM, Alhamad H, Jum’ah AA. Knowledge, awareness and practices regarding dietary supplements in Jordan. Trop J Pharm Res 2022; 20(3): 649-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v20i3.30]
[11]
Frey A, Hoffmann I, Heuer T. Characterisation of vitamin and mineral supplement users differentiated according to their motives for using supplements: results of the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT). Public Health Nutr 2017; 20(12): 2173-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017001021] [PMID: 28629485]
[12]
Kobayashi E, Sato Y, Umegaki K, Chiba T. The Prevalence of dietary supplement use among college students: A nationwide survey in Japan. Nutrients 2017; 9(11): 1250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9111250] [PMID: 29140269]
[13]
Albakri IA, Almalki MH, Bukhari SM. Prevalence of intake of dietary supplements in the population of Saudi Arabia- Jeddah. Egypt J Hosp Med 2017; 69(1): 1570-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0040102]
[14]
Pillay L, Pillay K. Dietary supplement use among dietetics students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Health SA 2019; 24: 1298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v24i0.1298] [PMID: 31934441]
[15]
Giammarioli S, Boniglia C, Carratù B, et al. Use of food supplements and determinants of usage in a sample Italian adult population. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16(10): 1768-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012004314] [PMID: 23021313]
[16]
Shakur YA, Tarasuk V, Corey P, O’Connor DL. A comparison of micronutrient inadequacy and risk of high micronutrient intakes among vitamin and mineral supplement users and nonusers in Canada. J Nutr 2012; 142(3): 534-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.149450] [PMID: 22298574]
[17]
Wahab MSA, Zaini MH, Ali AA, et al. The use of herbal and dietary supplement among community-dwelling elderly in a suburban town of Malaysia. BMC Complement Med Therap 2021; 21(1): 110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03287-1] [PMID: 33794868]
[18]
Knapik JJ, Trone DW, Austin KG, Steelman RA, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence, adverse events, and factors associated with dietary supplement and nutritional supplement use by US navy and marine corps personnel. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116(9): 1423-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.02.015] [PMID: 27083989]
[19]
Classification of drugs and dietary supplements. 2023. Available from:https://www.mic.by/en/spravochnaya-informatsiyap/klassifikatsiya-lekarstvennykh-sredstv/ (Accessed: 2022 December 13).
[20]
Saunders J, Smith T. Malnutrition: Causes and consequences. Clin Med 2010; 10(6): 624-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.10-6-624] [PMID: 21413492]
[21]
Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The role of vitamins and minerals in energy metabolism and well-being. J Int Med Res 2007; 35(3): 277-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323000703500301] [PMID: 17593855]
[22]
Rautiainen S, Manson JE, Lichtenstein AH, Sesso HD. Dietary supplements and disease prevention - A global overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12(7): 407-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.54] [PMID: 27150288]
[23]
Dong W, Sun Z, Bai R. Prevalence of and factors associated with nutritional supplement use among older Chinese adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 822087.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.822087] [PMID: 35400059]
[24]
Rontogianni MO, Kanellopoulou A, Markozannes G, et al. Prevalence and determinants of sex-specific dietary supplement use in a Greek cohort. Nutrients 2021; 13(8): 2857.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082857] [PMID: 34445018]
[25]
Mahdavi-Roshan M, Rezazadeh A, Joukar F, Khorshidi Y, Naghipour M, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Dietary supplements consumption and its association with socioeconomic factors, obesity and main non-communicable chronic diseases in the north of Iran: The PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS). BMC Nutr 2021; 7(1): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-021-00488-2] [PMID: 34906216]
[26]
Alowais M, Selim MEH. Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dietary supplements in Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8(2): 365-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_430_18] [PMID: 30984640]
[27]
Kim J, Lee JS, Shin A, et al. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors are associated with the use of dietary supplements in a Korean population. J Epidemiol 2010; 20(3): 197-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20090064] [PMID: 20410671]
[28]
Marques-Vidal P, Pécoud A, Hayoz D, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of vitamin or dietary supplement users in Lausanne, Switzerland: The CoLaus study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63(2): 273-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602932] [PMID: 17940542]
[29]
Tangkiatkumjai M, Boardman H, Walker DM. Herbal and dietary supplement use in Bangkok: A survey. J Complement Integr Med 2014; 11(3): 203-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2013-0016] [PMID: 24914729]
[30]
Abdulla NM, Aziz F, Blair I, Grivna M, Adam B, Loney T. Prevalence of, and factors associated with health supplement use in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: A population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2019; 19(1): 172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2593-6] [PMID: 31299957]
[31]
Khalife R, Grieco A, Khamisa K, Tinmouh A, McCudden C, Saidenberg E. Scurvy, an old story in a new time: The hematologist’s experience. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019; 76: 40-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.01.004] [PMID: 30704850]
[32]
Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 2006; 116(8): 2062-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI29449] [PMID: 16886050]
[33]
Harsha NS, Suraj BM, Kanakavidu S, Kodali R. Pellagra: A forgotten ailment in current clinical practice. Med J Patil Vidyapeeth 2019; 12(1): 78-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_62_18]
[34]
Cross LV, Thomas JR. Safety and efficacy of dietary supplements for diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2021; 34(1): 67-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/ds19-0068] [PMID: 33627996]
[35]
Moyer VA. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160(8): 558-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M14-0198] [PMID: 24566474]
[36]
American Public Health Association (APHA). Communicable disease. 2023. Available from:https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/communicable-disease (Accessed: 2023 January 25).
[37]
Drexler M. What you need to know about infectious disease. National Academies Press 2010.
[38]
Cowan A, Jun S, Gahche J, et al. Dietary supplement use differs by socioeconomic and health-related characteristics among U.S. adults, NHANES 2011−2014. Nutrients 2018; 10(8): 1114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081114] [PMID: 30126136]
[39]
Srivastava A, Gupta RC, Doss RB, Lall R. Trace minerals, vitamins and nutraceuticals in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. J Diet Suppl 2022; 19(3): 395-429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1890662] [PMID: 33682615]
[40]
Grant W, Lahore H, McDonnell S, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 2020; 12(4): 988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988] [PMID: 32252338]
[41]
Moghadami M. A Narrative review of influenza: A seasonal and pandemic disease. Iran J Med Sci 2017; 42(1): 2-13.
[PMID: 28293045]
[42]
Singh S, Kola P, Kaur D, et al. Therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements in the prevention of viral diseases: A review. Front Nutr 2021; 8: 679312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.679312] [PMID: 34604272]
[43]
Rawangkan A, Kengkla K, Kanchanasurakit S, Duangjai A, Saokaew S. Anti-influenza with green tea catechins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecules 2021; 26(13): 4014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134014] [PMID: 34209247]
[44]
Kamath AB, Wang L, Das H, Li L, Reinhold VN, Bukowski JF. Antigens in tea-beverage prime human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in vitro and in vivo for memory and nonmemory antibacterial cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003; 100(10): 6009-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1035603100] [PMID: 12719524]
[45]
Hawkins J, Baker C, Cherry L, Dunne E. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2019; 42: 361-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004] [PMID: 30670267]
[46]
Zhu Z, Zhu X, Gu L, Zhan Y, Chen L, Li X. Association between vitamin D and influenza: Meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2022; 8: 799709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.799709] [PMID: 35071300]
[47]
Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wang S, Yang L, Xia H, Sun G. Excessive vitamin A supplementation increased the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13(12): 4251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124251] [PMID: 34959803]
[48]
Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87(4): 281-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6] [PMID: 32166607]
[49]
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Know your treatment options for COVID-19. Available from:https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/know-your-treatment-options-covid-19#:~:text=The%20FDA%20has%20approved%20the,Emergency%20Use%20Authorization%20(EUA)%20 (Accessed: 2023 January 26).
[50]
National Institution of Health (NIH). What’s new in the guidelines Available from:https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/about-the-guidelines/whats-new/ (Accessed: 2022 April 20).
[51]
Zhang J, Rao X, Li Y, et al. Pilot trial of high-dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11(1): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00792-3] [PMID: 33420963]
[52]
Scholz SS, Borgstedt R, Ebeling N, Menzel LC, Jansen G, Rehberg S. Mortality in septic patients treated with vitamin C: A systematic meta-analysis. Crit Care 2021; 25(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03438-9] [PMID: 33407793]
[53]
Carlucci PM, Ahuja T, Petrilli C, Rajagopalan H, Jones S, Rahimian J. Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69(10): 1228-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001250] [PMID: 32930657]
[54]
Balboni E, Zagnoli F, Filippini T, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Vinceti M. Zinc and selenium supplementation in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: A systematic review of the experimental studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71: 126956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126956] [PMID: 35217499]
[55]
Beigmohammadi MT, Bitarafan S, Hoseindokht A, Abdollahi A, Amoozadeh L, Soltani D. The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22(1): 802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05795-4] [PMID: 34776002]
[56]
World Health Organization (WHO). Noncommunicable diseases 2022. Available from:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (Accessed: 2023 January 25).
[57]
Budreviciute A, Damiati S, Sabir DK, et al. Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. Front Public Health 2020; 8: 574111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111] [PMID: 33324597]
[58]
Qato DM, Wilder J, Schumm LP, Gillet V, Alexander GC. Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176(4): 473-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.8581] [PMID: 26998708]
[59]
Bots SH, Peters SAE, Woodward M. Sex differences in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality: A global assessment of the effect of ageing between 1980 and 2010. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2(2): e000298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000298] [PMID: 28589033]
[60]
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159(12): 824-834.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729] [PMID: 24217421]
[61]
Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012; 308(17): 1751-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14805] [PMID: 23117775]
[62]
Huo Y, Li J, Qin X, et al. Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in China: The CSPPT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313(13): 1325-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.2274] [PMID: 25771069]
[63]
Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, Briancon S, Blacher J, Hercberg S. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: A randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010; 341(nov29 1): c6273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c6273] [PMID: 21115589]
[64]
Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women’s Health Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294(1): 56-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.1.56] [PMID: 15998891]
[65]
Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(5): 745-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0237] [PMID: 25775274]
[66]
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(Suppl 1): S62-9.
[PMID: 20042775]
[67]
Pathak V, Pathak NM, O’Neill CL, Guduric-Fuchs J, Medina RJ. Therapies for Type 1 diabetes: current scenario and future perspectives. clinical medicine insights. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 12
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179551419844521] [PMID: 31105434]
[68]
Song Y, Cook NR, Albert CM, Van Denburgh M, Manson JE. Effects of vitamins C and E and β-carotene on the risk of type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90(2): 429-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27491] [PMID: 19491386]
[69]
Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, et al. Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99(10): 3551-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2136] [PMID: 25062463]
[70]
Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes among older U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(1): 108-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1260] [PMID: 20978095]
[71]
Sarkar S, Horn G, Moulton K, et al. Cancer development, progression, and therapy: An epigenetic overview. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14(10): 21087-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms141021087] [PMID: 24152442]
[72]
Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: The Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012; 308(18): 1871-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14641] [PMID: 23162860]
[73]
Heaney ML, Gardner JR, Karasavvas N, et al. Vitamin C antagonizes the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs. Cancer Res 2008; 68(19): 8031-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1490] [PMID: 18829561]
[74]
Lee SJ, Jeong JH, Lee IH, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin C combined with anti-cancer treatment on breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2019; 39(2): 751-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13172] [PMID: 30711954]
[75]
Oliai Araghi S, Kiefte-de Jong JC, van Dijk SC, et al. Folic Acid and vitamin B12 supplementation and the risk of cancer: Long-term follow-up of the B vitamins for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (B-PROOF) Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28(2): 275-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-1198] [PMID: 30341095]
[76]
Baptista EA, Dey S, Pal S. Chronic respiratory disease mortality and its associated factors in selected Asian countries: Evidence from panel error correction model. BMC Public Health 2021; 21(1): 53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10042-7] [PMID: 33407306]
[77]
Mai XM, Langhammer A, Chen Y, Camargo CA Jr. Cod liver oil intake and incidence of asthma in Norwegian adults-the HUNT study. Thorax 2013; 68(1): 25-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202061] [PMID: 22977130]
[78]
Jiang L, Brumpton B, Langhammer A, Chen Y, Mai XM. Intake of multivitamin supplements and incident asthma in Norwegian adults: The HUNT study. ERJ Open Res 2015; 1(2): 00036-2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00036-2015] [PMID: 27730154]
[79]
Lee SC, Yang YH, Chuang SY, Huang SY, Pan WH. Reduced medication use and improved pulmonary function with supplements containing vegetable and fruit concentrate, fish oil and probiotics in asthmatic school children: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2013; 110(1): 145-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512004692] [PMID: 23211647]
[80]
Agler AH, Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Cassano PA. Randomised vitamin E supplementation and risk of chronic lung disease in the Women’s Health Study. Thorax 2011; 66(4): 320-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.155028] [PMID: 21257986]
[81]
Li X, He J, Yu M, Sun J. The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Palliat Med 2020; 9(2): 286-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm.2020.02.26] [PMID: 32156131]
[82]
Bjelica A, Aleksić S, Goločorbin-Kon S, Sazdanić D, Torović L, Cvejić J. Internet marketing of cardioprotective dietary supplements. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26(3): 204-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0128] [PMID: 31971812]
[83]
Johnston DI, Chang A, Viray M, et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ - Hawaii, 2013. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8(3-4): 319-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.1894] [PMID: 26538199]
[84]
de Kruijk JR, Notermans NC. Sensory disturbances caused by multivitamin preparations. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005; 149(46): 2541-4.
[PMID: 16320661]
[85]
Enbom ET, Le MD, Oesterich L, Rutgers J, French SW. Mechanism of hepatotoxicity due to black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa): Histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopy analysis of two liver biopsies with clinical correlation. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96(3): 279-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.003] [PMID: 24657312]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 79
Html icon 3
Find your institution