Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Traditional Medicine

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2215-0838
ISSN (Online): 2215-0846

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

A Comprehensive Review on Biological and Chemical Diversity in Aesculus L. Genus (Sapindaceae)

Author(s): Mamta Shah*, Rutvi Shah, Dhyey Salot, Dhvani Shah, Dhruvil Shah, Rajvi Shah and Preeti Verma

Volume 10, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 18 May, 2023

Article ID: e170423215934 Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/2215083810666230417115041

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Aesculus L. is a genus of 12 to 19 woody species, representing one of the most acclaimed examples of inter-continental incoherence of the plants native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is traditionally valued in Ayurveda and the Chinese system of medicine for its various species that possess antitumor, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Current studies on this genus have revealed the presence of specific saponins with a multispectrum of pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications. A repertoire of literature related to the biological, taxonomical, phytochemical and ethnopharmacological aspects of Aesculus genus and its uses in different indigenous populations was explored. An inventory of all the species of this genus that were found to be useful as per ethnopharmacological literature was prepared. The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the individual species are outlined in this review. The extensive information cited here has adduced the likely areas where the important species of this genus can illustrate significant therapeutic intervention in the management of chronic disorders including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and cancer. The wide range of its pharmacological actions is attributed to the distinct phytochemicals occurring in the species, especially the triterpenoidal saponins like aescin. This review amplifies the recent studies on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects, which alludes that these species have noteworthy therapeutic potential.

Keywords: Aesculus genus, species, taxonomy, pharmacology, phytochemistry, saponins.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Hardin JW. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae. Brittonia 1957; 9(3): 145-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804781]
[2]
Hardin JW. Studies in the Hippocastanaceae, V. Species of the old world. Brittonia 1960; 12(1): 26-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2805332]
[3]
NISCAIR. The wealth of India: A dictionary of raw materials and industrial products, raw materials. New Delhi: Publications and Information Directorate. 1985; 1: pp. 105-8.
[4]
Fralish JS, Franklin SB. Taxonomy and ecology of woody plants in North American forests (excluding Mexico and subtropical Florida). USA: John Wiley & Sons 2002.
[5]
Singh V, Jain DK. Taxonomy of angiosperm. Meerut, India: Rastogi Publications 2009.
[6]
Fowden L. Secondary plant products: A comprehensive treatise. London: Academic Press 1981; p. 7.
[7]
Fowden L, Anderson JW, Smith A. A comparative study of the amino acids and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases of Aesculus spp. Phytochemistry 1970; 9(11): 2349-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85739-8]
[8]
Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag 2007.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2]
[9]
Mitscher LA. Traditional Medicines. Comprehensive Med Chem 2007; II: 1405-30.
[10]
Zhang Z, Koike K, Jia Z, Nikaido T, Guo D, Zheng J. New saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Chem Pharm Bull 1999; 47(11): 1515-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.47.1515] [PMID: 10605051]
[11]
Yang XW, Zhao J, Cui YX, et al. Anti-HIV-1 protease triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. J Nat Prod 1999; 62(11): 1510-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np990180u] [PMID: 10579862]
[12]
Zhang Z, Li S, Zhang S, Gorenstein D. Triterpenoid saponins from the fruits of Aesculus pavia. Phytochemistry 2006; 67(8): 784-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.01.017] [PMID: 16497343]
[13]
Chakraborthy GS. Free radical scavenging activity of Aesculus indica leaves. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2009; 1: 524-6.
[14]
Ikram M, Gilani SN. Anti-inflammatory activity of Aesculus indica fruit oil. Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 455-6.
[15]
Cheng P, Kuang F, Ju G. Aescin reduces oxidative stress and provides neuroprotection in experimental traumatic spinal cord injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99: 405-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.002] [PMID: 27596954]
[16]
Matsuda H, Li Y, Murakami T, et al. Antiinflammatory effects of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb from horse chestnut, the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997; 7(13): 1611-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(97)00275-8]
[17]
Patlolla JMR, Raju J, Swamy MV, Rao CV. β-Escin inhibits colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats and regulates the cell cycle growth by inducing p21waf1/cip1 in colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5(6): 1459-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0495] [PMID: 16818504]
[18]
Niu X, Wang Y, Li W, et al. Esculin exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and regulated TNF-α and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro through MAPK pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29(2): 779-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.041] [PMID: 26391063]
[19]
Yuan W, Wang P, Su Z, Wang VS, Li S. Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from husks of Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. Phytochemistry 2013; 90: 95-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.02.003] [PMID: 23489576]
[20]
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot J Linn Soc 2003; 141(4): 399-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x]
[21]
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 2009; 161(2): 105-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x]
[22]
Muller J, Leenhouts PW. A general survey of pollen types in sapindaceae in relation to taxonomyThe evolutionary significance of the exine. (1st ed.). London: Academic Press 1976; pp. 407-45.
[23]
Umadevi I, Daniel M. Chemosystematics of the Sapindaceae. Feddes Repert 1991; 102(7-8): 607-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19911020711]
[24]
Gadek PA, Fernando ES, Quinn CJ, et al. Sapindales: Molecular delimitation and infraordinal groups. Am J Bot 1996; 83(6): 802-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12769.x]
[25]
Savolainen V, Fay MF, Albach DC, et al. Phylogeny of the eudicots: A newly complete familial analysis based on rbcl gene sequences. Kew Bull 2000; 55(2): 257-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4115644]
[26]
Buerki S, Forest F, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, et al. Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51(2): 238-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.012] [PMID: 19405193]
[27]
Takhtajan A. Systema magnoliophytorum. Leningrad: Soviet Sciences Press 1987.
[28]
Dahlgren G. An updated angiosperm classification. Bot J Linn Soc 1989; 100(3): 197-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x]
[29]
Backlund A, Bremer K. To be or not to be – principles of classification and monotypic plant families. Taxon 1998; 47(2): 391-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223768]
[30]
Bentham G, Hooker JD. . Genera plantarum: Ad exemplaria imprimis Herbarius kewensibus servata definita. 1862; pp. 454-60.
[31]
Yang X, Zhao J, Cui Y, et al. A pair of new geometrically isomeric triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Chin Chem Lett 1999; 10: 925-8.
[32]
Onuminya TO, Ogundipe OT, Olowokudejo JD. The infrafamilial taxonomy of African sapindaceae. J Sci Res Dev 2017; 17: 34-9.
[33]
Xiang QY, Crawford DJ, Wolfe AD, Tang YC, DePamphilis CW. Origin and Biogeography of Aesculus L. (Hippocastanaceae): A Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective. Evolution 1998; 52(4): 988-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411231] [PMID: 28565208]
[34]
Yuan W, Wang P, Deng G, Li S. Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from Aesculus glabra Willd. Phytochemistry 2012; 75: 67-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.012] [PMID: 22178115]
[35]
Porter DM, Sytsma KJ. Sapindales. Encyclopedia Britannica 2019. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/plant/SapindalesAccessed 17 August 2022.
[36]
Rajasekaran A, Singh J. Ethnobotany of Indian horse chestnut (Aesculus indica) in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2009; 8(2): 285-6.
[37]
Reich D, Flatscher R, Pellegrino G, et al. Biogeography of amphiadriatic Gentianella crispata (Gentianaceae): A northern refugium and recent trans-adriatic migration. Off J Soc Botan Ital 2021; 156(3): 754-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/11263504.2021.1918783]
[38]
Krahulcová A, Trávníček P, Krahulec F, Rejmánek M. Small genomes and large seeds: chromosome numbers, genome size and seed mass in diploid Aesculus species (Sapindaceae). Ann Bot 2017; 119(6): mcw261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw261] [PMID: 28065925]
[39]
Kimura H, Ogawa S, Jisaka M, Kimura Y, Katsube T, Yokota K. Identification of novel saponins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume) after treatment with wooden ashes and their nutraceutical activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41(5): 1657-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.031] [PMID: 16621416]
[40]
Darbyshire SJ, Oldham MJ. Ohio Buckeye, Aesculus glabra, on Walpole Island, Lambton County, Ontario. Can Field Nat 1985; 99(3): 370-2.
[41]
Chanon AM. Studies on the reproductive capacity of Aesculus parviflora and Aesculus pavia: Opportunities for their improvement through interspecific hybridization. PhD Dissertation 2005.
[42]
Muller RN. Aesculus californica Woody plants encyclopedia: Handbook and Atlas of Dendrology. 2004.
[43]
Harris AJ, Xiang QY, Thomas DT. Phylogeny, origin, and biogeographic history of Aesculus L. (Sapindales) - an update from combined analysis of DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils. Taxon 2009; 58(1): 108-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.581012]
[44]
Zheng W, Wang W, Harris AJ, Xu X. The complete chloroplast genome of vulnerable Aesculus wangii (Sapindaceae), a narrowly endemic tree in Yunnan, China. Conserv Genet Resour 2018; 10(3): 335-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-017-0818-x]
[45]
Thomas DT, Ahedor AR, Williams CF, dePamphilis C, Crawford DJ, Xiang Q-YJ. Genetic analysis of a broad hybrid zone in Aesculus (Sapindaceae): is there evidence of long-distance pollen dispersal? Int J Plant Sci 2008; 169(5): 647-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/533605]
[46]
Risk AC. The distribution, commonness and habitat characteristics of Fissidens hyalinus in the United States. Bryologist 2002; 105(1): 43-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0043:TDCAHC]2.0.CO;2]
[47]
Shi ZH, Xie CX, Guan XY, Chen LY, Ye LC, Liu XP. Study on the ecological suitability of Aesculus producing area. J Modern Chin Med 2013; 15(4): 303-7.
[48]
Dirr M. Manual of woody landscape plants: Their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation and uses. (6th ed.), Pennsylvania State University: Stipes Publisher 2009.
[49]
Turland NJ, Xia N. A New Combination in Chinese Aesculus (Hippocastanacae). Novon 2005; 15(3): 488-9.
[50]
Aygoren Uluer D, Alshamrani R. DNA barcoding of a complex genus, Aesculus L. (Sapindaceae) reveals lack of species-level resolution. Botany 2019; 97(9): 503-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0018]
[51]
Glensk M, Włodarczyk M, Bassarello C, Pizza C. Aescin determination in seeds and capsules of three pure and hybrid Aesculus species. Chem Nat Compd 2011; 47(1): 142-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-011-9861-0]
[52]
Aesculus' from the website Trees and Shrubs. Available from: treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/aesculus/ Accessed 17 August 2022.
[53]
Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Griffini A. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Fitoterapia 1996; 67(6): 483-511.
[54]
Manchester SR. Leaves and Fruits of Aesculus (Sapindales) from the Paleocene of North America. Int J Plant Sci 2001; 162(4): 985-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320783]
[55]
Ray FO. Examination of the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum and of Acer dasycarpum. Pharm J 2017; 3: 108.
[56]
Fu YH, Piao S, Delpierre N, et al. Nutrient availability alters the correlation between spring leaf-out and autumn leaf senescence dates. Tree Physiol 2019; 39(8): 1277-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz041] [PMID: 30989235]
[57]
Gastaldo P, Caviglia AM, Profumo P. Aesculus hippocastanum L (Horse Chestnut): In vitro culture and production of aescinMedicinal and aromatic plants VII- Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1994; pp. 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-30369-6_1]
[58]
Ozel H, Bilir N. Effects of light and moisture on growth and morphological characteristics of horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seedlings in the western blacksea region in Turkey. Poljopr Sumar 2016; 62(1): 65-9.
[59]
Zhong YZ. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Beijing: People’s Health Press 1984.
[60]
Blinn RL. Seasonal occurrence of the Miridae (Heteroptera) associated with Ohio Buckeye, Aesculus glabra Willd. in Missouri. J NY Entomol Soc 1992; 100(3): 480-7.
[61]
Parmar C, Kaushal MK. Wild Fruits. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publishers 1982.
[62]
NISCAIR The wealth of India: A dictionary of raw materials and industrial products, raw materials. New Delhi: Publications and Information Directorate 1972; p. 1.
[63]
Collingwood GH, Brush W. Knowing your trees. Washington, DC: American Forestry Assoc 1964.
[64]
Bisset NG. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals CRC Press. Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publisher 1994.
[65]
Sirtori CR. Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharmacol Res 2001; 44(3): 183-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2001.0847] [PMID: 11529685]
[66]
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. A criteria-based systematic review. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134(11): 1356-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.134.11.1356] [PMID: 9828868]
[67]
Ulbricht CE. Natural standard herb & supplement guide- e-book: An evidence-based reference, natural standard. Missouri: Mosby Inc. Elsevier 2010.
[68]
Zhong Y. Dictionary of Chinese materia medica Jiangsu New Medical College. Shanghai, China: People's Public Health Press 1977.
[69]
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.. Zhong Yao Zhi. Beijing, P.R. China: People's Health Press 1984.
[70]
Sato I, Kofujita H, Tsuda S. Identification of COX inhibitors in the hexane extract of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69(7): 709-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.709] [PMID: 17675801]
[71]
Kimura H, Ogawa S, Sugiyama A, Jisaka M, Takeuchi T, Yokota K. Anti-obesity effects of highly polymeric proanthocyanidins from seed shells of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume). Food Res Int 2011; 44(1): 121-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.052]
[72]
Rafiq SI, Singh S, Saxena DC. Physical, physicochemical and anti-nutritional properties of Horse Chestnut (Aesculus indica) seed. J Food Meas Charact 2016; 10(2): 302-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11694-016-9307-2]
[73]
Hamel PB, Chiltoskey MU. Cherokee plants and their uses: A 400-year history. Sylva, NC: Herald Publishing 1975.
[74]
Bocek BR. Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, based on collections by John P. Harrington. Econ Bot 1984; 38(2): 240-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02858839]
[75]
Jiayan Z, Song LV. Composition for prevention and assistingtreatment of haemorrhoids. CN China Patent 104138397A, 2014.
[76]
Wilkinson JA, Brown AMG. Horse Chestnut- Aesculus hippocastanum: potential application in cosmetic skin-care products. Int J Cosmet Sci 1999; 21(6): 437-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.234192.x] [PMID: 18503457]
[77]
Güçlü-Üstündağ Ö, Mazza G. Saponins: properties, applications and processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47(3): 231-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390600698197] [PMID: 17453922]
[78]
Vinarov Z, Radeva D, Katev V, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Solubilization of hydrophobic drugs by saponins. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018; 80(4): 709-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000411]
[79]
Geisler R, Dargel C, Hellweg T. The biosurfactant β-aescin: A review on the physico-chemical properties and its interaction with lipid model membranes and langmuir monolayers. Molecules 2019; 25(1): 117-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010117] [PMID: 31892278]
[80]
Zhu Z, Wen Y, Yi J, Cao Y, Liu F, McClements DJ. Comparison of natural and synthetic surfactants at forming and stabilizing nanoemulsions: Tea saponin, Quillaja saponin, and Tween 80. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536: 80-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.024] [PMID: 30359887]
[81]
Ocokoljic M, Nikic Z, Medarevic M, et al. Effect of horse chestnut tree genotype on production of fatty oil and fatty acids in seed cotyledons. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(10): 1932-5.
[82]
Konoshima T, Lee KH. Antitumor agents, 82. Cytotoxic sapogenols from Aesculus hippocastanum. J Nat Prod 1986; 49(4): 650-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50046a015] [PMID: 3783160]
[83]
Kuhn R, Löw I. Über die protoäscigeninester aus äscin. Tetrahedron 1966; 22(6): 1899-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82263-8]
[84]
Filip K, Grynkiewicz G, Gruza M, Jatczak K, Zagrodzki B. Comparison of ultraviolet detection and charged aerosol detection methods for liquid-chromatographic determination of protoescigenin. Acta Pol Pharm 2014; 71(6): 933-40.
[PMID: 25745765]
[85]
Costantini A. Escin in pharmaceutical oral dosage forms: quantitative densitometric HPTLC determination. Farmaco 1999; 54(11-12): 728-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(99)00090-7] [PMID: 10668171]
[86]
Persson IAL, Persson K. Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). Rec Prog Med Plants 2010; 28: 159-71.
[87]
Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Otuki K, Yamahara J, Matsuda H. [Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIII. Horse chestnut. (3): Quantitative analysis of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb by means of high performance liquid chromatography]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1999; 119(1): 81-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.119.1_81] [PMID: 9922711]
[88]
Colson E, Decroo C, Cooper-Shepherd D, et al. Discrimination of regioisomeric and stereoisomeric saponins from Aesculus hippocestanum Seeds by ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30(11): 2228-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13361-019-02310-7] [PMID: 31452089]
[89]
Vadkerti A, Proksa B, Voticky Z. Structure of hippocastanoside, a new saponin from the seed pericarp of horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.)- Structure of the aglycone. Chem Pap 1989; 43(6): 783-91.
[90]
Kędzierski B, Kukula-Koch W, Widelski J, Głowniak K. Impact of harvest time of Aesculus hippocastanum seeds on the composition, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. Ind Crops Prod 2016; 86: 68-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.034]
[91]
Oszmiański J, Kolniak-Ostek J, Biernat A. The content of phenolic compounds in leaf tissues of Aesculus glabra and Aesculus parviflora walt. Molecules 2015; 20(2): 2176-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022176] [PMID: 25635381]
[92]
Oszmiański J, Kalisz S, Aneta W. The content of phenolic compounds in leaf tissues of white (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and red horse chestnut (Aesculus carea H.) colonized by the horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić). Molecules 2014; 19(9): 14625-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules190914625] [PMID: 25225723]
[93]
Morimoto S, Nonaka GI, Nishioka I. Tannins and related compounds. LIX. Aesculitannins, novel proanthocyandins with doubly-bonded structures from Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Chem Pharm Bull 1987; 35(12): 4717-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.4717]
[94]
Komissarenko NF, Derkach AI, Komissarenko AN, et al. Coumarins of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Rastit Resur 1994; 30(3): 53-9.
[95]
Deli J, Molnar P, Matus Z, et al. aesculaxanthin, a new carotenoid isolated from pollens of Aesculus hippocastanum. Helvetica Chimica 1998; 81(10): 1815-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2675(19981007)81:10<1815:AID-HLCA1815>3.0.CO;2-R]
[96]
Deli J, Matus Z, Tóth G. Comparative study on the carotenoid composition in the buds and flowers of different Aesculus species. Chromatographia 2000; 51(1) (Suppl.): S179-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02492802]
[97]
Souleles C, Vayas K. Constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum leaves. Fitoterapia 1986; 57(3): 201-2.
[98]
Srijayanta S, Raman A, Goodwin BL. A comparative study of the constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum and Aesculus indica. J Med Food 1999; 2(2): 45-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.1999.2.45] [PMID: 19281348]
[99]
Bibi Y, Nisa S, Zia M, Waheed A, Ahmed S, Chaudhary MF. In vitro cytotoxic activity of Aesculus indica against breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and phytochemical analysis. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25(1): 183-7.
[PMID: 22186328]
[100]
Sati OP, Rana U. Triterpenoids of Aesculus indica. Pharmazie 1987; 42(2): 141.
[PMID: 3602062]
[101]
Ikram M, Khan MI. Chemical investigation of Aesculus indica- Part II. Fitoterapia 1978; 49(6): 247-8.
[102]
Singh B, Agrawal P, Thakur R. Aesculuside A- a new triterpene glycoside from Aesculus indica. Planta Med 1986; 52(5): 409-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969203] [PMID: 17345358]
[103]
Singh B, Agrawal PK, Thakur RS, et al. A new triterpene glycoside from Aesculus indica. J Nat Prod 1987; 50(5): 781-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50053a001]
[104]
Zahoor M, Shafiq S, Ullah H, Sadiq A, Ullah F. Isolation of quercetin and mandelic acid from Aesculus indica fruit and their biological activities. BMC Biochem 2018; 19(1): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12858-018-0095-7] [PMID: 29940844]
[105]
Aurada E, Jurenitsch J, Kubelka W. Structure of triterpene sapogenins of Aesculus glabra. Planta Med 1984; 50(5): 391-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969746] [PMID: 17340338]
[106]
Kimura H, Watanabe A, Jisaka M, et al. Chemical structures of saponins from seeds of edible horse chestnuts (Aesculus turbinata) after treatment with wooden ashes and their hypoglycemic activity. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 2004; 51(12): 672-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.51.672]
[107]
Kimura H, Ogawa S, Katsube T, Jisaka M, Yokota K. Antiobese effects of novel saponins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume) after treatment with wood ashes. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56(12): 4783-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf800340s] [PMID: 18512932]
[108]
Simada H. Constituents of the bark of Aesculus turbinata Blume (Hippocastanaceae). Yakugaku Zasshi 1937; 57: 618-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1881.57.6_618]
[109]
Kondo T, Ito H, Suda M. Chemical studies on the bark constituents of Aesculus turbinata. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 1955; 29(12): 950-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.29.950]
[110]
Yang XW, Zhao J, Quyang S. Studies on triterpenoid saponins from seeds of Aesculus wilsonii Rehd. Zhongcaoyao 2002; 33(5): 389-91.
[111]
Yang L, Zhao X, Ma L. [Studies on sapogenins of Aesculus wilsonii Rehd]. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1996; 21(10): 617-8.
[PMID: 9772631]
[112]
Zhao J, Yang XW, Hattori M. Three new triterpene saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Chem Pharm Bull 2001; 49(5): 626-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.626] [PMID: 11383619]
[113]
Zhao J, Yang XW. Four new triterpene saponins from the seeds of Aesculus Chinensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2003; 5(3): 197-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028602031000081990] [PMID: 12931852]
[114]
Qin WJ, Yang L, Fan ZT, et al. Chemical constituents of Aesculus wilsonii. Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1992; 27(10): 626-9.
[115]
Wei F, Ma LY, Jin WT, et al. Antiinflammatory triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Chem Pharm Bull 2004; 52(10): 1246-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.1246] [PMID: 15467246]
[116]
Wei F, Ma SC, Ma LY, But PPH, Lin RC, Khan IA. Antiviral flavonoids from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. J Nat Prod 2004; 67(4): 650-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np030470h] [PMID: 15104496]
[117]
Chen XS, Chen DH, Si JY, et al. Studies on chemical constituents from the seeds of Aesculus wilsonii Rehd. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2000; 35(3): 198-200.
[118]
Liu H, Zhang X, Gao H, et al. Two new triterpenoid glycosides isolated from Aesculus assamica GRIFF. Chem Pharm Bull 2005; 53(10): 1310-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.1310] [PMID: 16204989]
[119]
Liu HW, Yao XS, Wang NL, et al. Chemical components of Aesculus assamica. Zhongguo Tianran Yaowu 2005; 3(6): 350-3.
[120]
Liu HW, Yao XS, Wang NL, et al. A new triterpenoid saponin isolated from the seeds of Aesculus assamica Griff. Chin Chem Lett 2006; 17(2): 2111-4.
[121]
Liu HW, Wang MY, Song XY, et al. Three escin-like triterpene saponins: Assamicins VI, VII and VIII. Helv Chim Acta 2008; 91(9): 1704-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200890186]
[122]
Sakurai T, Nishimura T, Otake N, et al. Assamicin I and II, novel triterpenoid saponins with insulin-like activity from Aesculus assamica Griff. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12(5): 807-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(02)00019-7] [PMID: 11859008]
[123]
Prakash D, Misra G, Nigam SK. Chemistry of Aesculus punduana Wall. (A. assamica Griff.) Seeds. Fitoterapia 1980; 51(6): 285-7.
[124]
Schrutka-Rechtenstamm R, Robien W, Jurenitsch J. Structure of the sapogenins of seeds from Aesculus pavia L. Pharmazie 1988; 43: 208-10.
[125]
Zhang Z, Li S. Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from the fruits of Aesculus pavia L. Phytochemistry 2007; 68(15): 2075-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.05.020] [PMID: 17599369]
[126]
Curir P, Galeotti F, Dolci M, Barile E, Lanzotti V. Pavietin, a coumarin from Aesculus pavia with antifungal activity. J Nat Prod 2007; 70(10): 1668-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np070295v] [PMID: 17914881]
[127]
Bielanski TE, Piotrowski ZH. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. J Fam Pract 1999; 48(3): 171-2.
[PMID: 10086755]
[128]
Arnould T, Janssens D, Michiels C, Remacle J. Effect of aescine on hypoxia-induced activation of human endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 315(2): 227-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00645-0] [PMID: 8960888]
[129]
Longiave D, Omini C, Nicosia S, Berti F. The mode of action of aescin on isolated veins: Relationship with PGF2α. Pharmacol Res Commun 1978; 10(2): 145-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-6989(78)80072-1] [PMID: 652841]
[130]
Facino RM, Carini M, Stefani R, Aldini G, Saibene L. Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase activities of saponins and sapogenins from Hedera helix, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Ruscus aculeatus: factors contributing to their efficacy in the treatment of venous insufficiency. Arch Pharm 1995; 328(10): 720-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19953281006] [PMID: 8554461]
[131]
Guillaume M, Padioleau F. Veinotonic effect, vascular protection, antiinflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of horse chestnut extract. Arzneimittelforschung 1994; 44(1): 25-35.
[PMID: 8135874]
[132]
Annoni F, Mauri A, Marincola F, Resele LF. Venotonic activity of escin on the human saphenous vein. Arzneimittelforschung 1979; 29(4): 672-5.
[PMID: 582766]
[133]
Dudek-Makuch M, Studzińska-Sroka E. Horse chestnut – efficacy and safety in chronic venous insufficiency: An overview. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2015; 25(5): 533-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.05.009]
[134]
Kahn SR. The post thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Res 2011; 127 (Suppl. 3): S89-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(11)70024-X] [PMID: 21262451]
[135]
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Libr 2012; 11(11): CD003230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4] [PMID: 23152216]
[136]
Dickson S, Gallagher J, McIntyre L, Suter A, Tan J. An open study to assess the safety and efficacy of Aesculus hippocastanum tablets (Aesculaforce 50 mg) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. J Herb Pharmacother 2004; 4(2): 19-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/J157v04n02_03] [PMID: 15364642]
[137]
Yang XR, Zhao BZ, Cui JR. Anti-angiogenesis of sodium aescinate in vivo. Zhongguo Xin Yao Zazhi 2006; 15(11): 868-70.
[138]
Zhao BZ, Yang XR, Guo W, Cui JR. Antiangiogenic effect and possible mechanism of sodium aescinate. Zhongguo Xin Yao Zazhi 2007; 16(17): 1357-60.
[139]
Carrasco OF, Vidrio H. Endothelium protectant and contractile effects of the antivaricose principle escin in rat aorta. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 47(1): 68-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2007.04.003] [PMID: 17512261]
[140]
Gallelli L. Escin: A review of its anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, and venotonic properties. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13: 3425-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S207720] [PMID: 31631970]
[141]
Matsuda H, Li Y, Yoshikawa M. Possible involvement of 5-HT and 5-HT2 receptors in acceleration of gastrointestinal transit by escin Ib in mice. Life Sci 2000; 66(23): 2233-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00551-8] [PMID: 10855943]
[142]
Sato I, Kofujita H, Suzuki T, Kobayashi H, Tsuda S. Antiinflammatory effect of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68(5): 487-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.68.487] [PMID: 16757892]
[143]
Zhang L, Huang Y, Wu C, et al. Network pharmacology based research on the combination mechanism between escin and low dose glucocorticoids in anti-rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10: 280-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00280] [PMID: 30967782]
[144]
Singh B, Katoch M, Ram R, Zaidi A. A new antiviral agent from indian horse chestnut Aesculus indica. . EP Patent 1489910B1,, 2002.
[145]
Avci G, Küçükkurt I, Küpeli Akkol E, Yeşilada E. Effects of escin mixture from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum on obesity in mice fed a high fat diet. Pharm Biol 2010; 48(3): 247-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880200903085466] [PMID: 20645808]
[146]
Sato I, Suzuki T, Kobayashi H, Tsuda S. Antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67(7): 731-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.67.731] [PMID: 16082125]
[147]
Küçükkurt I, Ince S, Keleş H, et al. Beneficial effects of Aesculus hippocastanum L. seed extract on the body’s own antioxidant defense system on subacute administration. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 129(1): 18-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.017] [PMID: 20219666]
[148]
Firdos S, Khan AU, Ali F. Pharmacological Investigation of Aesculus indica Aqueous-ethanol extract for its anti-nociceptive action. J Anim Plant Sci 2018; 28(2): 610-5.
[149]
Fikret E, Ethem U. Aesculus hippocastanum (Aescin, horse chestnut) in the management of hemorrhoidal disease. Turk J Col Dis 2018; 28: 54-7. [review].
[150]
Cheong DHJ, Arfuso F, Sethi G, et al. Molecular targets and anti-cancer potential of escin. Cancer Lett 2018; 422: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.027] [PMID: 29474858]
[151]
Fedotcheva TA, Sheichenko OP, Sheichenko VI, Fedotcheva NI, Shimanovskii NL. Preparation of a horse chestnut extract with a 50% content of escin and its actions on tumor cell proliferation and isolated mitochondria. Pharm Chem J 2019; 53(1): 57-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-019-01956-7]
[152]
Harford-Wright E, Bidère N, Gavard J. β-escin selectively targets the glioblastoma-initiating cell population and reduces cell viability. Oncotarget 2016; 7(41): 66865-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.11784] [PMID: 27589691]
[153]
Sreij R, Prévost S, Dargel C, et al. Interaction of the saponin aescin with Ibuprofen in DMPC model membranes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15(10): 4446-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00421] [PMID: 30102549]
[154]
El-Readi MZ, Eid S, Ashour ML, Tahrani A, Wink M. Modulation of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by chelidonine and Chelidonium majus alkaloids. Phytomedicine 2013; 20(3-4): 282-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.005] [PMID: 23238299]
[155]
Xia YZ, Yang L, Wang ZD, et al. Schisandrin A enhances the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin by the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in a doxorubicin-resistant human osteosarcoma cell line. RSC Advances 2015; 5(18): 13972-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4RA14324H]
[156]
Zhou X, Wang C, Fu F, Eds. Anti-tumor activity of escin in mice cervical carcinoma Hela Cell line in vitro. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. China. 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/ICBBE.2009.5162378]
[157]
Venkateshwarlu E, Sharvanabhava BS, Dileep P, et al. Evaluation of diuretic and antidiabetic activity of esculin. Iran J Pharmacol Therap 2015; 13(1): 40-5.
[158]
Beecher DJ, Wong AC. Identification of hemolysin BL-producing Bacillus cereus isolates by a discontinuous hemolytic pattern in blood agar. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60(5): 1646-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.5.1646-1651.1994] [PMID: 8017944]
[159]
Zhang N, Cao S, Huang W, et al. New indole glycosides from Aesculus chinensis var. chekiangensis and their neuroprotective activities. Molecules 2019; 24(22): 4063-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224063] [PMID: 31717579]
[160]
Wang T, Zhao S, Wang Y, et al. Protective effects of escin against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24(8): 560-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2014.951815] [PMID: 25137224]
[161]
Limei L, Dahong J, Dong B. Novel use of aesculetin. CN Patent 103356606A 2013.
[162]
Hiroshi K, Yasushi A, Fumio K. Cosmetics for hair containing aesculus hippocastanum extract. JP48005022B, 1973.
[163]
Zając M, Wiśniewski M, Sein Anand J. [Intoxication by powdered seeds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) used nasally as snuff - a case report] Przegl Lek 2014; 71(9): 502-3.
[PMID: 25632792]
[164]
Idris S, Mishra A, Khushtar M. Phytochemical, ethanomedicinal and pharmacological applications of escin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. towards future medicine. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31(5): 20190115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0115] [PMID: 32649293]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
12
2
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy