Login Register Cart 0
Current Neuropharmacology

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Antiseizure Medications for the Prophylaxis of Migraine during the Anti- CGRP Drugs Era

Author(s): Eleonora Rollo, Marina Romozzi, Catello Vollono, Paolo Calabresi, Pierangelo Geppetti and Luigi F. Iannone*

Volume 21, Issue 8, 2023

Published on: 13 March, 2023

Page: [1767 - 1785] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666221228095256

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Migraine and epilepsy are fundamentally distinct disorders that can frequently coexist in the same patient. These two conditions significantly differ in diagnosis and therapy but share some widely- used preventive treatments. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay of therapy for epilepsy, and about thirty different ASMs are available to date. ASMs are widely prescribed for other neurological and non-neurological conditions, including migraine. However, only topiramate and valproic acid/valproate currently have an indication for migraine prophylaxis supported by high-quality evidence. Although without specifically approved indications and with a low level of evidence or recommendation, several other ASMs are used for migraine prophylaxis. Understanding ASM antimigraine mechanisms, including their ability to affect the pro-migraine calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling pathway and other pathways, may be instrumental in identifying the specific targets of their antimigraine efficacy and may increase awareness of the neurobiological differences between epilepsy and migraine. Several new ASMs are under clinical testing or have been approved for epilepsy in recent years, providing novel potential drugs for migraine prevention to enrich the treatment armamentarium and drugs that inhibit the CGRP pathway.

Keywords: Antiseizure-medications, epilepsy, migraine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, glutamate, GABA, pharmacodynamic.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Kim, D.W.; Lee, S.K. Headache and epilepsy. J. Epilepsy Res., 2017, 7(1), 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14581/jer.17002] [PMID: 28775949]
[2]
Mainieri, G.; Cevoli, S.; Giannini, G.; Zummo, L.; Leta, C.; Broli, M.; Ferri, L.; Santucci, M.; Posar, A.; Avoni, P.; Cortelli, P.; Tinuper, P.; Bisulli, F. Headache in epilepsy: Prevalence and clinical features. J. Headache Pain, 2015, 16(1), 72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0556-y] [PMID: 26245188]
[3]
Keezer, M.R.; Bauer, P.R.; Ferrari, M.D.; Sander, J.W. The comorbid relationship between migraine and epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Neurol., 2015, 22(7), 1038-1047.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12612] [PMID: 25495495]
[4]
Costa, C.; Prontera, P.; Caproni, S.; Cupini, L.M.; Sarchielli, P.; Calabresi, P. Migraine and epilepsy: What value today? J. Headache Pain, 2015, 16(S1)(Suppl. 1), A44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-16-S1-A44] [PMID: 28132344]
[5]
Duko, B.; Ayalew, M.; Toma, A. The epidemiology of headaches among patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Headache Pain, 2020, 21(1), 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-1074-0] [PMID: 31924166]
[6]
Bauer, P.R.; Tolner, E.A.; Keezer, M.R.; Ferrari, M.D.; Sander, J.W. Headache in people with epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2021, 17(9), 529-544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00516-6] [PMID: 34312533]
[7]
Nye, B.L.; Thadani, V.M. Migraine and epilepsy: Review of the literature. Headache, 2015, 55(3), 359-380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.12536] [PMID: 25754865]
[8]
Löscher, W.; Klein, P. The pharmacology and clinical efficacy of antiseizure medications: From bromide salts to cenobamate and beyond. CNS Drugs, 2021, 35(9), 935-963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-021-00827-8] [PMID: 34145528]
[9]
Kanner, A.M.; Bicchi, M.M. Antiseizure medications for adults with epilepsy. JAMA, 2022, 327(13), 1269-1281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.3880] [PMID: 35380580]
[10]
Johannessen Landmark, C. Antiepileptic drugs in non-epilepsy disorders: Relations between mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy. CNS Drugs, 2008, 22(1), 27-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822010-00003] [PMID: 18072813]
[11]
Romoli, M.; Costa, C.; Siliquini, S.; Corbelli, I.; Eusebi, P.; Bedetti, C.; Caproni, S.; Cupini, L.M.; Calabresi, P.; Sarchielli, P. Antiepileptic drugs in migraine and epilepsy: Who is at increased risk of adverse events? Cephalalgia, 2018, 38(2), 274-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416683925] [PMID: 27956547]
[12]
Calabresi, P.; Galletti, F.; Rossi, C.; Sarchielli, P.; Cupini, L.M. Antiepileptic drugs in migraine: From clinical aspects to cellular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2007, 28(4), 188-195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.005] [PMID: 17337068]
[13]
Frank, F.; Ulmer, H.; Sidoroff, V.; Broessner, G. CGRP-antibodies, topiramate and botulinum toxin type A in episodic and chronic migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia, 2021, 41(11-12), 1222-1239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03331024211018137] [PMID: 34130525]
[14]
Zobdeh, F.; Kraiem, A.; Attwood, M.M.; Chubarev, V.N.; Tarasov, V.V.; Schiöth, H.B.; Mwinyi, J. Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2021, 178(23), 4588-4607.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.15657] [PMID: 34379793]
[15]
Mulleners, W.M.; McCrory, D.C.; Linde, M. Antiepileptics in migraine prophylaxis: An updated Cochrane review. Cephalalgia, 2015, 35(1), 51-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102414534325] [PMID: 25115844]
[16]
Parikh, S.K.; Silberstein, S.D. Current status of antiepileptic drugs as preventive migraine therapy. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol., 2019, 21(4), 16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11940-019-0558-1] [PMID: 30880369]
[17]
Galletti, F.; Cupini, L.M.; Corbelli, I.; Calabresi, P.; Sarchielli, P. Pathophysiological basis of migraine prophylaxis. Prog. Neurobiol., 2009, 89(2), 176-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.005] [PMID: 19654035]
[18]
Haut, S.R.; Bigal, M.E.; Lipton, R.B. Chronic disorders with episodic manifestations: Focus on epilepsy and migraine. Lancet Neurol., 2006, 5(2), 148-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70348-9] [PMID: 16426991]
[19]
Gimeno-Ferrer, F.; Eitner, A.; Bauer, R.; Lehmenkühler, A.; Edenhofer, M.L.; Kress, M.; Schaible, H.G.; Richter, F. From spreading depolarization to epilepsy with neuroinflammation: The role of CGRP in cortex. Exp. Neurol., 2022, 356, 114152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114152] [PMID: 35760098]
[20]
Ashina, M. Migraine. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(19), 1866-1876.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1915327] [PMID: 33211930]
[21]
Edvinsson, L.; Haanes, K.A.; Warfvinge, K.; Krause, D.N. CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies — successful translation from bench to clinic. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2018, 14(6), 338-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1] [PMID: 29691490]
[22]
Moreno-Ajona, D.; Pérez-Rodríguez, A.; Goadsby, P.J. Gepants, calcitonin-gene-related peptide receptor antagonists: What could be their role in migraine treatment? Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2020, 33(3), 309-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000806] [PMID: 32251023]
[23]
Geppetti, P.; Holzer, P. Neurogenic inflammation; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1996, pp. 1-256.
[24]
Geppetti, P.; Frilli, S.; Renzi, D.; Santicioli, P.; Maggi, C.A.; Theodorsson, E.; Fanciullacci, M. Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in various rat tissues: Correlation with substance P and other tachykinins and sensitivity to capsaicin. Regul. Pept., 1988, 23(3), 289-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(88)90229-7] [PMID: 2467330]
[25]
Sinclair, S.R.; Kane, S.A.; Van der Schueren, B.J.; Xiao, A.; Willson, K.J.; Boyle, J.; de Lepeleire, I.; Xu, Y.; Hickey, L.; Denney, W.S.; Li, C.C.; Palcza, J.; Vanmolkot, F.H.; Depré, M.; Van Hecken, A.; Murphy, M.G.; Ho, T.W.; de Hoon, J.N. Inhibition of capsaicin-induced increase in dermal blood flow by the oral CGRP receptor antagonist, telcagepant (MK-0974). Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2010, 69(1), 15-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03543.x] [PMID: 20078608]
[26]
Melo-Carrillo, A.; Schain, A.J.; Stratton, J.; Strassman, A.M.; Burstein, R. Fremanezumab and its isotype slow propagation rate and shorten cortical recovery period but do not prevent occurrence of cortical spreading depression in rats with compromised blood–brain barrier. Pain, 2020, 161(5), 1037-1043.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001791] [PMID: 31895266]
[27]
Noseda, R.; Schain, A.J.; Melo-Carrillo, A.; Tien, J.; Stratton, J.; Mai, F.; Strassman, A.M.; Burstein, R. Fluorescently-labeled fremanezumab is distributed to sensory and autonomic ganglia and the dura but not to the brain of rats with uncompromised blood brain barrier. Cephalalgia, 2020, 40(3), 229-240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102419896760] [PMID: 31856583]
[28]
De Logu, F.; Nassini, R.; Hegron, A.; Landini, L.; Jensen, D.D.; Latorre, R.; Ding, J.; Marini, M.; Souza Monteiro de Araujo, D.; Ramírez-Garcia, P.; Whittaker, M.; Retamal, J.; Titiz, M.; Innocenti, A.; Davis, T.P.; Veldhuis, N.; Schmidt, B.L.; Bunnett, N.W.; Geppetti, P. Schwann cell endosome CGRP signals elicit periorbital mechanical allodynia in mice. Nat. Commun., 2022, 13(1), 646.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28204-z] [PMID: 35115501]
[29]
Lewis, T. Experiments relating to cutaneous hyperalgesia and its spread through somatic nerves. Clin. Sci., 1936, 2, 373-414.
[30]
Borkum, J.M. CGRP and brain functioning: Cautions for migraine treatment. Headache, 2019, 59(8), 1339-1357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.13591] [PMID: 31328279]
[31]
Park, S.H.; Sim, Y.B.; Kim, C.H.; Lee, J.K.; Lee, J.H.; Suh, H.W. Role of α-CGRP in the regulation of neurotoxic responses induced by kainic acid in mice. Peptides, 2013, 44, 158-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.001] [PMID: 23587546]
[32]
Saria, A.; Marksteiner, J.; Humpel, C.; Sperk, G. Pronounced increases in brain levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide after kainic acid induced seizures. Regul. Pept., 1989, 26(3), 215-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(89)90189-4] [PMID: 2516343]
[33]
Parisi, P.; Piccioli, M.; Villa, M.P.; Buttinelli, C.; Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, D.G.A. Hypothesis on neurophysiopathological mechanisms linking epilepsy and headache. Med. Hypotheses, 2008, 70(6), 1150-1154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.11.013] [PMID: 18191908]
[34]
Leao, A.A.P. Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 1944, 7(6), 359-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1944.7.6.359] [PMID: 20268874]
[35]
del Rio, M.S.; Bakker, D.; Wu, O.; Agosti, R.; Mitsikostas, D.D.; Østergaard, L.; Wells, W.A.; Rosen, B.R.; Sorensen, G.; Moskowitz, M.A.; Cutrer, F.M. Perfusion weighted imaging during migraine: Spontaneous visual aura and headache. Cephalalgia, 1999, 19(8), 701-707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.019008701.x] [PMID: 10570723]
[36]
Tozzi, A.; de Iure, A.; Di Filippo, M.; Costa, C.; Caproni, S.; Pisani, A.; Bonsi, P.; Picconi, B.; Cupini, L.M.; Materazzi, S.; Geppetti, P.; Sarchielli, P.; Calabresi, P. Critical role of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in cortical spreading depression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2012, 109(46), 18985-18990.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215435109] [PMID: 23112192]
[37]
Calabresi, P. Biological substrates of migraine. J. Headache Pain, 2015, 16(S1)(Suppl. 1), A19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-16-S1-A19] [PMID: 28132369]
[38]
Karatas, H.; Erdener, S.E.; Gursoy-Ozdemir, Y.; Lule, S.; Eren-Koçak, E.; Sen, Z.D.; Dalkara, T. Spreading depression triggers headache by activating neuronal Panx1 channels. Science, 2013, 339(6123), 1092-1095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231897] [PMID: 23449592]
[39]
Close, L.N.; Eftekhari, S.; Wang, M.; Charles, A.C.; Russo, A.F. Cortical spreading depression as a site of origin for migraine: Role of CGRP. Cephalalgia, 2019, 39(3), 428-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102418774299] [PMID: 29695168]
[40]
Zhang, X.; Levy, D.; Kainz, V.; Noseda, R.; Jakubowski, M.; Burstein, R. Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression. Ann. Neurol., 2011, 69(5), 855-865.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.22329] [PMID: 21416489]
[41]
Zhang, X.; Levy, D.; Noseda, R.; Kainz, V.; Jakubowski, M.; Burstein, R. Activation of meningeal nociceptors by cortical spreading depression: Implications for migraine with aura. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30(26), 8807-8814.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0511-10.2010] [PMID: 20592202]
[42]
Melo-Carrillo, A.; Schain, A.J.; Strassman, A.M.; Burstein, R. Activation of peripheral and central trigeminovascular neurons by Seizure: Implications for ictal and postictal headache. J. Neurosci., 2020, 40(27), 5314-5326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0283-20.2020] [PMID: 32527981]
[43]
Mameniškienė, R.; Karmonaitė, I.; Zagorskis, R. The burden of headache in people with epilepsy. Seizure, 2016, 41, 120-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.07.018] [PMID: 27543963]
[44]
Fisher, R.S.; Cross, J.H.; French, J.A.; Higurashi, N.; Hirsch, E.; Jansen, F.E.; Lagae, L.; Moshé, S.L.; Peltola, J.; Roulet Perez, E.; Scheffer, I.E.; Zuberi, S.M. Operational classification of seizure types by the international league against epilepsy: Position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4), 522-530.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.13670] [PMID: 28276060]
[45]
Headache classification committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) the international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 2018, 38(1), 1-211.
[46]
Costa, C.; Tozzi, A.; Rainero, I.; Cupini, L.M.; Calabresi, P.; Ayata, C.; Sarchielli, P. Cortical spreading depression as a target for anti-migraine agents. J. Headache Pain, 2013, 14(1), 62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-14-62] [PMID: 23879550]
[47]
Rogawski, M.A.; Löscher, W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions. Nat. Med., 2004, 10(7), 685-692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1074] [PMID: 15229516]
[48]
Shank, R.P.; Gardocki, J.F.; Streeter, A.J.; Maryanoff, B.E. An overview of the preclinical aspects of topiramate: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(s1), 3-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb02163.x] [PMID: 10768292]
[49]
Shank, R.P.; Gardocki, J.F.; Vaught, J.L.; Davis, C.B.; Schupsky, J.J.; Raffa, R.B.; Dodgson, S.J.; Nortey, S.O.; Maryanoff, B.E. Topiramate: Preclinical evaluation of structurally novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsia, 1994, 35(2), 450-460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02459.x] [PMID: 8156972]
[50]
Löscher, W.; Reissmüller, E.; Ebert, U. Kindling alters the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in Wistar rats. Epilepsy Res., 2000, 39(3), 211-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(00)00100-5] [PMID: 10771247]
[51]
Zona, C.; Teresa Ciotti, M.; Avoli, M. Topiramate attenuates voltage-gated sodium currents in rat cerebellar granule cells. Neurosci. Lett., 1997, 231(3), 123-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00543-0] [PMID: 9300637]
[52]
Wauquier, A.; Zhou, S. Topiramate: A potent anticonvulsant in the amygdala-kindled rat. Epilepsy Res., 1996, 24(2), 73-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-1211(95)00105-0] [PMID: 8796355]
[53]
Skradski, S.; White, H.S. Topiramate blocks kainate-evoked cobalt influx into cultured neurons. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(s1), 45-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb02171.x] [PMID: 10768300]
[54]
Poulsen, C.F.; Simeone, T.A.; Maar, T.E.; Smith-Swintosky, V.; White, H.S.; Schousboe, A. Modulation by topiramate of AMPA and kainate mediated calcium influx in cultured cerebral cortical, hippocampal and cerebellar neurons. Neurochem. Res., 2004, 29(1), 275-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:NERE.0000010456.92887.3b] [PMID: 14992287]
[55]
Zhang, X.; Velumian, A.A.; Jones, O.T.; Carlen, P.L. Modulation of high-voltage-activated calcium channels in dentate granule cells by topiramate. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(s1), 52-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb02173.x] [PMID: 10768302]
[56]
Martella, G.; Costa, C.; Pisani, A.; Cupini, L.M.; Bernardi, G.; Calabresi, P. Antiepileptic drugs on calcium currents recorded from cortical and PAG neurons: Therapeutic implications for migraine. Cephalalgia, 2008, 28(12), 1315-1326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01682.x] [PMID: 18771493]
[57]
White, H.S.; Brown, S.D.; Woodhead, J.H.; Skeen, G.A.; Wolf, H.H. Topiramate enhances GABA-mediated chloride flux and GABA-evoked chloride currents in murine brain neurons and increases seizure threshold. Epilepsy Res., 1997, 28(3), 167-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(97)00045-4] [PMID: 9332882]
[58]
Kim, D.S.; Kwak, S.E.; Kim, J.E.; Won, M.H.; Choi, H.C.; Song, H.K.; Kim, Y.I.; Choi, S.Y.; Kang, T.C. The effect of topiramate on GABAB receptor, vesicular GABA transporter and paired-pulse inhibition in the gerbil hippocampus. Neurosci. Res., 2005, 53(4), 413-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.08.015] [PMID: 16207499]
[59]
Herrero, A.I.; Del Olmo, N.; González-Escalada, J.R.; Solís, J.M. Two new actions of topiramate: Inhibition of depolarizing GABAA-mediated responses and activation of a potassium conductance. Neuropharmacology, 2002, 42(2), 210-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00171-X] [PMID: 11804617]
[60]
Agency, E.M. EMA regulation. 2022, 2022 Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en
[61]
Silberstein, S.D.; Holland, S.; Freitag, F.; Dodick, D.W.; Argoff, C.; Ashman, E. Evidence-based guideline update: Pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology, 2012, 78(17), 1337-1345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20] [PMID: 22529202]
[62]
Silberstein, S.D. Topiramate in migraine prevention: A 2016 perspective. Headache, 2017, 57(1), 165-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.12997] [PMID: 27902848]
[63]
White, H.S. Molecular pharmacology of topiramate: Managing seizures and preventing migraine. Headache, 2005, 45(s1)(Suppl. 1), S48-S56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.4501006.x] [PMID: 15833090]
[64]
Storer, R.J.; Goadsby, P.J. Topiramate inhibits trigeminovascular neurons in the cat. Cephalalgia, 2004, 24(12), 1049-1056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00767.x] [PMID: 15566419]
[65]
Storey, J.R.; Calder, C.S.; Hart, D.E.; Potter, D.L. Topiramate in migraine prevention: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache, 2001, 41(10), 968-975.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.01190.x] [PMID: 11903524]
[66]
Silberstein, S.D.; Neto, W.; Schmitt, J.; Jacobs, D. Topiramate in migraine prevention: Results of a large controlled trial. Arch. Neurol., 2004, 61(4), 490-495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.4.490] [PMID: 15096395]
[67]
Brandes, J.L.; Saper, J.R.; Diamond, M.; Couch, J.R.; Lewis, D.W.; Schmitt, J.; Neto, W.; Schwabe, S.; Jacobs, D. Topiramate for migraine prevention: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 291(8), 965-973.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.8.965] [PMID: 14982912]
[68]
Diener, H.C.; Tfelt-Hansen, P.; Dahlöf, C.; Láinez, M.J.; Sandrini, G.; Wang, S.J.; Neto, W.; Vijapurkar, U.; Doyle, A.; Jacobs, D. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis--results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. J. Neurol., 2004, 251(8), 943-950.
[PMID: 15316798]
[69]
Silberstein, S.D.; Lipton, R.B.; Dodick, D.W.; Freitag, F.G.; Ramadan, N.; Mathew, N.; Brandes, J.L.; Bigal, M.; Saper, J.; Ascher, S.; Jordan, D.M.; Greenberg, S.J.; Hulihan, J. Efficacy and safety of topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache, 2007, 47(2), 170-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00684.x] [PMID: 17300356]
[70]
Silvestrini, M.; Bartolini, M.; Coccia, M.; Baruffaldi, R.; Taffi, R.; Provinciali, L. Topiramate in the treatment of chronic migraine. Cephalalgia, 2003, 23(8), 820-824.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00592.x] [PMID: 14510929]
[71]
Mei, D.; Ferraro, D.; Zelano, G.; Capuano, A.; Vollono, C.; Gabriele, C.; Di Trapani, G. Topiramate and triptans revert chronic migraine with medication overuse to episodic migraine. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2006, 29(5), 269-275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.000022888.49044.99] [PMID: 16960472]
[72]
Diener, H-C.; Bussone, G.; Oene, J.C.V.; Lahaye, M.; Schwalen, S.; Goadsby, P.J. Topiramate reduces headache days in chronic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia, 2007, 27(7), 814-823.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01326.x] [PMID: 17441971]
[73]
Bartolini, M.; Silvestrini, M.; Taffi, R.; Lanciotti, C.; Luconi, R.; Capecci, M.; Provinciali, L. Efficacy of topiramate and valproate in chronic migraine. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2005, 28(6), 277-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnf.0000192136.46145.44] [PMID: 16340383]
[74]
Diener, H.C.; Agosti, R.; Allais, G.; Bergmans, P.; Bussone, G.; Davies, B.; Ertas, M.; Lanteri-Minet, M.; Reuter, U.; Del Río, M.S.; Schoenen, J.; Schwalen, S.; van Oene, J. Cessation versus continuation of 6-month migraine preventive therapy with topiramate (PROMPT): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol., 2007, 6(12), 1054-1062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70272-7] [PMID: 17988947]
[75]
Dodick, D.W.; Freitag, F.; Banks, J.; Saper, J.; Xiang, J.; Rupnow, M.; Biondi, D.; Greenberg, S.J.; Hulihan, J. Topiramate versus amitriptyline in migraine prevention: A 26-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group noninferiority trial in adult migraineurs. Clin. Ther., 2009, 31(3), 542-559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.03.020] [PMID: 19393844]
[76]
Gupta, P.; Singh, S.; Goyal, V.; Shukla, G.; Behari, M. Low-dose topiramate versus lamotrigine in migraine prophylaxis (the Lotolamp study). Headache, 2007, 47(3), 402-412.
[PMID: 17371357]
[77]
Luo, N.; Di, W.; Zhang, A.; Wang, Y.; Ding, M.; Qi, W.; Zhu, Y.; Massing, M.W.; Fang, Y. A randomized, one-year clinical trial comparing the efficacy of topiramate, flunarizine, and a combination of flunarizine and topiramate in migraine prophylaxis. Pain Med., 2012, 13(1), 80-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01295.x] [PMID: 22233396]
[78]
Afshari, D.; Rafizadeh, S.; Rezaei, M. A comparative study of the effects of low-dose topiramate versus sodium valproate in migraine prophylaxis. Int. J. Neurosci., 2012, 122(2), 60-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2011.626908] [PMID: 21950578]
[79]
Shaygannejad, V.; Janghorbani, M.; Ghorbani, A.; Ashtary, F.; Zakizade, N.; Nasr, V. Comparison of the effect of topiramate and sodium valporate in migraine prevention: A randomized blinded crossover study. Headache, 2006, 46(4), 642-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00413.x] [PMID: 16643559]
[80]
Ashtari, F.; Shaygannejad, V.; Akbari, M. A double-blind, randomized trial of low-dose topiramate vs propranolol in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2008, 118(5), 301-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01087.x] [PMID: 18713156]
[81]
Reuter, U.; Ehrlich, M.; Gendolla, A.; Heinze, A.; Klatt, J.; Wen, S.; Hours-Zesiger, P.; Nickisch, J.; Sieder, C.; Hentschke, C.; Maier-Peuschel, M. Erenumab versus topiramate for the prevention of migraine – a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled phase 4 trial. Cephalalgia, 2022, 42(2), 108-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03331024211053571] [PMID: 34743579]
[82]
Láinez, M.J.A.; Freitag, F.G.; Pfeil, J.; Ascher, S.; Olson, W.H.; Schwalen, S. Time course of adverse events most commonly associated with topiramate for migraine prevention. Eur. J. Neurol., 2007, 14(8), 900-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01869.x] [PMID: 17662012]
[83]
Ferrari, A.; Tiraferri, I.; Neri, L.; Sternieri, E. Clinical pharmacology of topiramate in migraine prevention. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2011, 7(9), 1169-1181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2011.602067] [PMID: 21756204]
[84]
Luykx, J.; Mason, M.; Ferrari, M.D.; Carpay, J. Are migraineurs at increased risk of adverse drug responses? A meta-analytic comparison of topiramate-related adverse drug reactions in epilepsy and migraine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 85(3), 283-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2008.203] [PMID: 18987621]
[85]
Maalouf, N.M.; Langston, J.P.; Van Ness, P.C.; Moe, O.W.; Sakhaee, K. Nephrolithiasis in topiramate users. Urol. Res., 2011, 39(4), 303-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00240-010-0347-5] [PMID: 21165738]
[86]
Hepp, Z.; Dodick, D.W.; Varon, S.F.; Gillard, P.; Hansen, R.N.; Devine, E.B. Adherence to oral migraine-preventive medications among patients with chronic migraine. Cephalalgia, 2015, 35(6), 478-488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102414547138] [PMID: 25164920]
[87]
Berger, A.; Bloudek, L.M.; Varon, S.F.; Oster, G. Adherence with migraine prophylaxis in clinical practice. Pain Pract., 2012, 12(7), 541-549.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00530.x] [PMID: 22300068]
[88]
Coppola, F.; Rossi, C.; Mancini, M.L.; Corbelli, I.; Nardi, K.; Sarchielli, P.; Calabresi, P. Language disturbances as a side effect of prophylactic treatment of migraine. Headache, 2008, 48(1), 86-94.
[PMID: 18184290]
[89]
Andrade, C.; Bhakta, S.; Fernandes, P. Familial vulnerability to an unusual cognitive adverse effect of topiramate: Discussion of mechanisms. Indian J. Psychiatry, 2010, 52(3), 260-263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.70986] [PMID: 21180413]
[90]
Romoli, M.; Mazzocchetti, P.; D’Alonzo, R.; Siliquini, S.; Rinaldi, V.E.; Verrotti, A.; Calabresi, P.; Costa, C. Valproic Acid and Epilepsy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidences. Curr. Neuropharmacol., 2019, 17(10), 926-946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X17666181227165722] [PMID: 30592252]
[91]
Cutrer, F.M.; Limmroth, V.; Moskowitz, M.A. Possible mechanisms of valproate in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia, 1997, 17(2), 93-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1702093.x] [PMID: 9137844]
[92]
Rogawski, M. Antiepileptic drugs and migraine. 16th International headache Research Seminar, 2007.
[93]
Rogawski, M.A. Common pathophysiologic mechanisms in migraine and epilepsy. Arch. Neurol., 2008, 65(6), 709-714.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.65.6.709] [PMID: 18541791]
[94]
Linde, M.; Mulleners, W.M.; Chronicle, E.P.; McCrory, D.C. Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Libr., 2013, (6), CD010611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010611] [PMID: 23797677]
[95]
Sarchielli, P.; Messina, P.; Cupini, L.M.; Tedeschi, G.; Di Piero, V.; Livrea, P.; Pini, L.A.; Bernardi, G.; Bono, G.; Sandrini, G.; Caproni, S.; Corbelli, I.; Pisani, F.; Beghi, E.; Calabresi, P.; Group, S.S. Sodium valproate in migraine without aura and medication overuse headache: A randomized controlled trial. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2014, 24(8), 1289-1297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.010] [PMID: 24862255]
[96]
Silberstein, S.D.; Collins, S.D. Safety of divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: An open-label, long-term study. Headache, 1999, 39(9), 633-643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.1999.3909633.x] [PMID: 11284461]
[97]
Sørensen, K.V. Valproate: A new drug in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1988, 78(4), 346-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1988.tb03667.x] [PMID: 3146862]
[98]
Freitag, F.G.; Collins, S.D.; Carlson, H.A.; Goldstein, J.; Saper, J.; Silberstein, S.; Mathew, N.; Winner, P.K.; Deaton, R.; Sommerville, K.; Depakote, E.R.M.S.G. A randomized trial of divalproex sodium extended-release tablets in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology, 2002, 58(11), 1652-1659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.58.11.1652] [PMID: 12058094]
[99]
Kaniecki, R.G. A comparison of divalproex with propranolol and placebo for the prophylaxis of migraine without aura. Arch. Neurol., 1997, 54(9), 1141-1145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210071015] [PMID: 9311358]
[100]
Mathew, N.T.; Saper, J.R.; Silberstein, S.D.; Rankin, L.; Markley, H.G.; Solomon, S.; Rapoport, A.M.; Silber, C.J.; Deaton, R.L. Migraine prophylaxis with divalproex. Arch. Neurol., 1995, 52(3), 281-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1995.00540270077022] [PMID: 7872882]
[101]
Hering, R.; Kuritzky, A. Sodium valproate in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: A double-blind study versus placebo. Cephalalgia, 1992, 12(2), 81-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1202081.x] [PMID: 1576648]
[102]
Jensen, R.; Brinck, T.; Olesen, J. Sodium valproate has a prophylactic effect in migraine without aura. Neurology, 1994, 44(4), 647-651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.4.647] [PMID: 8164818]
[103]
Cui, X.Y.; Sun, S.M.; Liu, J.; Wu, Q.Y.; Zhang, J.F.; Li, X. The efficacy and safety of valproate medications for migraine in adults: A meta-analysis. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 2020, 24(10), 5734-5741.
[PMID: 32495909]
[104]
Amrutkar, D.V.; Ploug, K.B.; Olesen, J.; Jansen-Olesen, I. Role for voltage gated calcium channels in calcitonin gene-related peptide release in the rat trigeminovascular system. Neuroscience, 2011, 172, 510-517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.032] [PMID: 20955764]
[105]
Mohammadianinejad, S.E.; Abbasi, V.; Sajedi, S.A.; Majdinasab, N.; Abdollahi, F.; Hajmanouchehri, R.; Faraji, A. Zonisamide versus topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2011, 34(4), 174-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318225140c] [PMID: 21738025]
[106]
Bermejo, P.E.; Dorado, R. Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in patients refractory to topiramate. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2009, 32(2), 103-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318170577f] [PMID: 18978487]
[107]
Ashkenazi, A.; Benlifer, A.; Korenblit, J.; Silberstein, S.D. Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in refractory patients. Cephalalgia, 2006, 26(10), 1199-1202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01191.x] [PMID: 16961786]
[108]
Villani, V.; Ciuffoli, A.; Prosperini, L.; Sette, G. Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in topiramate-intolerant patients: An observational study. Headache, 2011, 51(2), 287-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01842.x] [PMID: 21284610]
[109]
Baulac, M.; Patten, A.; Giorgi, L. Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: Results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(10), 1534-1543.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12749] [PMID: 25109239]
[110]
Marmura, M.J.; Kumpinsky, A.S. Refining the Benefit/Risk Profile of Anti-Epileptic Drugs in Headache Disorders. CNS Drugs, 2018, 32(8), 735-746.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-018-0555-z] [PMID: 30073584]
[111]
Cronin, N.B.; O’Reilly, A.; Duclohier, H.; Wallace, B.A. Binding of the anticonvulsant drug lamotrigine and the neurotoxin batrachotoxin to voltage-gated sodium channels induces conformational changes associated with block and steady-state activation. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(12), 10675-10682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M208356200] [PMID: 12431988]
[112]
Stefani, A.; Spadoni, F.; Siniscalchi, A.; Bernardi, G. Lamotrigine inhibits Ca2+ currents in cortical neurons: Functional implications. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1996, 307(1), 113-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(96)00265-8] [PMID: 8831112]
[113]
Wang, S.J.; Sihra, T.S.; Gean, P.W. Lamotrigine inhibition of glutamate release from isolated cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes) by suppression of voltage-activated calcium channel activity. Neuroreport, 2001, 12(10), 2255-2258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200107200-00042] [PMID: 11447345]
[114]
Calabresi, P.; Centonze, D.; Marfia, G.A.; Pisani, A.; Bernardi, G. An in vitro electrophysiological study on the effects of phenytoin, lamotrigine and gabapentin on striatal neurons. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 126(3), 689-696.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702361] [PMID: 10188980]
[115]
Reid, J.G.; Gitlin, M.J.; Altshuler, L.L. Lamotrigine in psychiatric disorders. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2013, 74(7), 675-684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12r08046] [PMID: 23945444]
[116]
Wiffen, P.J.; Derry, S.; Moore, R.A. Lamotrigine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Libr., 2013, 2019(5), CD006044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006044.pub4] [PMID: 24297457]
[117]
Steiner, T.J.; Findley, L.J.; Yuen, A.W.C. Lamotrigine versus placebo in the prophylaxis of migraine with and without aura. Cephalalgia, 1997, 17(2), 109-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1702109.x] [PMID: 9137848]
[118]
Pascual, J.; Caminero, A.B.; Mateos, V.; Roig, C.; Leira, R.; García-Moncó, C.; Laínez, M.J. Preventing disturbing migraine aura with lamotrigine: An open study. Headache, 2004, 44(10), 1024-1028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04198.x] [PMID: 15546267]
[119]
Lampl, C.; Katsarava, Z.; Diener, H-C.; Limmroth, V. Lamotrigine reduces migraine aura and migraine attacks in patients with migraine with aura. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2005, 76(12), 1730-1732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.063750] [PMID: 16291905]
[120]
D’Andrea, G.; Granella, F.; Cadaldini, M.; Manzoni, G.C. Effectiveness of lamotrigine in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura: An open pilot study. Cephalalgia, 1999, 19(1), 64-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.1999.1901064.x] [PMID: 10099862]
[121]
Lampl, C.; Buzath, A.; Klinger, D.; Neumann, K. Lamotrigine in the prophylactic treatment of migraine aura--a pilot study. Cephalalgia, 1999, 19(1), 58-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.1999.1901058.x] [PMID: 10099861]
[122]
Cologno, D.; d’Onofrio, F.; Castriota, O.; Petretta, V.; Casucci, G.; Russo, A.; Bussone, G. Basilar-type migraine patients responsive to lamotrigine: A 5-year follow-up. Neurol. Sci., 2013, 34(S1)(Suppl. 1), 165-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1384-y] [PMID: 23695071]
[123]
Pelzer, N.; Stam, A.H.; Carpay, J.A.; Vries, B.; van den Maagdenberg, A.M.J.M.; Ferrari, M.D.; Haan, J.; Terwindt, G.M. Familial hemiplegic migraine treated by sodium valproate and lamotrigine. Cephalalgia, 2014, 34(9), 708-711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102413520086] [PMID: 24443394]
[124]
Romozzi, M.; Primiano, G.; Rollo, E.; Travaglini, L.; Calabresi, P.; Servidei, S.; Vollono, C. CACNA1A-p.Thr501Met mutation associated with familial hemiplegic migraine: A family report. J. Headache Pain, 2021, 22(1), 85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01297-5] [PMID: 34320921]
[125]
Rosselli, J.L.; Karpinski, J.P. The role of lamotrigine in the treatment of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing syndrome. Ann. Pharmacother., 2011, 45(1), 108-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P462] [PMID: 21189366]
[126]
Wright, C.; Downing, J.; Mungall, D.; Khan, O.; Williams, A.; Fonkem, E.; Garrett, D.; Aceves, J.; Kirmani, B. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Front. Neurol., 2013, 4, 192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2013.00192] [PMID: 24363651]
[127]
Lynch, B.A.; Lambeng, N.; Nocka, K.; Kensel-Hammes, P.; Bajjalieh, S.M.; Matagne, A.; Fuks, B. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101(26), 9861-9866.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0308208101] [PMID: 15210974]
[128]
Yang, X.F.; Weisenfeld, A.; Rothman, S.M. Prolonged exposure to levetiracetam reveals a presynaptic effect on neurotransmission. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(10), 1861-1869.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.01132.x] [PMID: 17521346]
[129]
De Smedt, T.; Raedt, R.; Vonck, K.; Boon, P. Levetiracetam: The profile of a novel anticonvulsant drug-part I: Preclinical data. CNS Drug Rev., 2007, 13(1), 43-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00004.x] [PMID: 17461889]
[130]
Lukyanetz, E.A.; Shkryl, V.M.; Kostyuk, P.G. Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam. Epilepsia, 2002, 43(1), 9-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.24501.x] [PMID: 11879381]
[131]
de Tommaso, M.; Di Fruscolo, O.; Sciruicchio, V.; Specchio, N.; Cormio, C.; De Caro, M.F.; Livrea, P. Efficacy of levetiracetam in Huntington disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2005, 28(6), 280-284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnf.0000186648.93612.a5] [PMID: 16340384]
[132]
Holbechl, J.V.; Ottol, M.; Bachl, F.W.; Jensenl, T.S.; Sindrupl, S.H. The anticonvulsant levetiracetam for the treatment of pain in polyneuropathy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Eur. J. Pain, 2011, 15(6), 608-614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.11.007] [PMID: 21183370]
[133]
Richter, F.; Ebersberger, A.; Schaible, H.G. Blockade of voltage-gated calcium channels in rat inhibits repetitive cortical spreading depression. Neurosci. Lett., 2002, 334(2), 123-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01120-5] [PMID: 12435487]
[134]
Ebersberger, A.; Portz, S.; Meissner, W.; Schaible, H-G.; Richter, F. Effects of N-, P/Q- and L-type calcium channel blockers on nociceptive neurones of the trigeminal nucleus with input from the dura. Cephalalgia, 2004, 24(4), 250-261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00656.x] [PMID: 15030533]
[135]
Li, Q.; Chen, C.; Gong, T. High-field MRS study of GABA+ in patients with migraine. Neuroreport, 2018, 29(12), 1007-1010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000001067] [PMID: 29889154]
[136]
Verma, A.; Srivastava, D.; Kumar, A.; Singh, V. Levetiracetam in migraine prophylaxis: A randomized placebo-controlled study in a rural medical institute in northern India. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2013, 36(6), 193-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000005] [PMID: 24201237]
[137]
Sadeghian, H.; Motiei-Langroudi, R. Comparison of Levetiracetam and sodium Valproate in migraine prophylaxis: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol., 2015, 18(1), 45-48.
[PMID: 25745310]
[138]
Brighina, F.; Palermo, A.; Aloisio, A.; Francolini, M.; Giglia, G.; Fierro, B. Levetiracetam in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura: A 6-month open-label study. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2006, 29(6), 338-342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.0000236766.08409.03] [PMID: 17095897]
[139]
Pizza, V.; Busillo, V.; Agresta, A.; Bisogno, A.; Capasso, A. Elderly patients with migraine: An open-label study on prophylaxis therapy with levetiracetam. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem., 2011, 11(1), 31-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152411794961086] [PMID: 21250937]
[140]
Rapoport, A.M.; Sheftell, F.D.; Tepper, S.J.; Bigal, M.E. Levetiracetam in the preventive treatmentof transformed migraine: A prospective, open-label, pilot study. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp., 2005, 66(3), 212-221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2005.06.006] [PMID: 24672124]
[141]
Beran, R.G.; Spira, P.J. Levetiracetam in chronic daily headache: A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia, 2011, 31(5), 530-536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102410384886] [PMID: 21059626]
[142]
Watkins, A.K.; Gee, M.E.; Brown, J.N. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 2018, 43(4), 467-475.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12715] [PMID: 29781197]
[143]
Chincholkar, M. Gabapentinoids: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and considerations for clinical practice. Br. J. Pain, 2020, 14(2), 104-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049463720912496] [PMID: 32537149]
[144]
Fehrenbacher, J.C.; Taylor, C.P.; Vasko, M.R. Pregabalin and gabapentin reduce release of substance P and CGRP from rat spinal tissues only after inflammation or activation of protein kinase C. Pain, 2003, 105(1), 133-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00173-8] [PMID: 14499429]
[145]
Mathew, N.T.; Rapoport, A.; Saper, J.; Magnus, L.; Klapper, J.; Ramadan, N.; Stacey, B.; Tepper, S. Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. Headache, 2001, 41(2), 119-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.111006119.x] [PMID: 11251695]
[146]
Calandre, E.P.; Garcia-Leiva, J.M.; Rico-Villademoros, F.; Vilchez, J.S.; Rodriguez-Lopez, C.M. Pregabalin in the treatment of chronic migraine: An open-label study. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2010, 33(1), 35-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181bf1dbe] [PMID: 19935409]
[147]
Pizzolato, R.; Villani, V.; Prosperini, L.; Ciuffoli, A.; Sette, G. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: A 3-month follow-up study. J. Headache Pain, 2011, 12(5), 521-525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10194-011-0338-0] [PMID: 21479703]
[148]
Spira, P.J.; Beran, R.G. Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology, 2003, 61(12), 1753-1759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000100121.58594.11] [PMID: 14694042]
[149]
Di Trapani, G.; Mei, D.; Marra, C.; Mazza, S.; Capuano, A. Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of migraine: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin. Ter., 2000, 151(3), 145-148.
[PMID: 10958046]
[150]
Vuković, V.; Lovrencić-Huzjan, A.; Bosnar-Puretić, M.; Demarin, V. The efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: An observational open label study. Acta Clin. Croat., 2009, 48(2), 145-151.
[PMID: 19928412]
[151]
Jiménez-Hernández, M.D.; Torrecillas Nárvaez, M.D.; Friera Acebal, G. Effectiveness and safety of gabapentin in the preventive treatment of migraine. Rev. Neurol., 2002, 35(7), 603-606.
[PMID: 12389143]
[152]
Silberstein, S.; Goode-Sellers, S.; Twomey, C.; Saiers, J.; Ascher, J. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial of gabapentin enacarbil for migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia, 2013, 33(2), 101-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102412466968] [PMID: 23165696]
[153]
Hesami, O.; Shams, M.R.; Ayazkhoo, L.; Assarzadegan, F.; Safarpour Lima, B.; Delavar Kasmaei, H.; Sistanizad, M. Comparison of pregabalin and sodium valproate in migraine prophylaxis: A randomized double-blinded study. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 2018, 17(2), 783-789.
[PMID: 29881434]
[154]
Rizzato, B.; Leone, G.; Misaggi, G.; Zivi, I.; Diomedi, M. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin versus topiramate in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse: An open-label prospective study. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2011, 34(2), 74-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318210ecc9] [PMID: 21412201]
[155]
Shorvon, S. Oxcarbazepine: A review. Seizure, 2000, 9(2), 75-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/seiz.2000.0391] [PMID: 10845729]
[156]
Rompel, H.; Bauermeister, P.W. Aetiology of migraine and prevention with carbamazepine (Tegretol): Results of a double-blind, cross-over study. S. Afr. Med. J., 1970, 44(4), 75-80.
[PMID: 4905910]
[157]
Silberstein, S.; Saper, J.; Berenson, F.; Somogyi, M.; McCague, K.; D’Souza, J. Oxcarbazepine in migraine headache: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology, 2008, 70(7), 548-555.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000297551.27191.70] [PMID: 18268247]
[158]
Gandelman, M.S. Review of carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 1994, 18(2), 211-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(94)90055-8] [PMID: 8208974]
[159]
Maan, J.S.; Duong Tv, H.; Saadabadi, A. Carbamazepine; StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
[160]
Peselow, E.D.; Clevenger, S.; IsHak, W.W. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2016, 31(4), 218-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000097] [PMID: 26523730]
[161]
Ferrell, P.B., Jr; McLeod, H.L. Carbamazepine, HLA-B*1502 and risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA recommendations. Pharmacogenomics, 2008, 9(10), 1543-1546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.9.10.1543] [PMID: 18855540]
[162]
Dean, L. Carbamazepine Therapy and HLA Genotype. In: Medical Genetics Summaries; Pratt, V.M.; Scott, S.A.; Pirmohamed, M.; Esquivel, B.; Kane, M.S.; Kattman, B.L.; Malheiro, A.J., Eds.; Bethesda, MD, 2012.
[163]
Tomson, T.; Battino, D.; Perucca, E. Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2019, 32(2), 246-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000659] [PMID: 30664067]
[164]
Löscher, W.; Schmidt, D. Perampanel—new promise for refractory epilepsy? Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2012, 8(12), 661-662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.222] [PMID: 23147851]
[165]
Pascarella, A.; Iannone, L.F.; Di Gennaro, G.; D’Aniello, A.; Ferlazzo, E.; Gagliostro, N.; Ursini, F.; Bonanni, P.; Paciello, N.; Romigi, A.; Aguglia, U.; De Sarro, G.; Russo, E.; Gambardella, A.; Labate, A. The efficacy of perampanel as adjunctive therapy in drug-resistant focal epilepsy in a “real world” context: Focus on temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurol. Sci., 2020, 415, 116903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116903] [PMID: 32447055]
[166]
Lavu, A.; Aboulatta, L.; Abou-Setta, A.M.; Aloud, B.; Askin, N.; Rabbani, R.; Shouman, W.; Zarychanski, R.; Eltonsy, S. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Seizure, 2022, 102, 54-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2022.09.020] [PMID: 36206645]
[167]
Hanada, T.; Hashizume, Y.; Tokuhara, N.; Takenaka, O.; Kohmura, N.; Ogasawara, A.; Hatakeyama, S.; Ohgoh, M.; Ueno, M.; Nishizawa, Y. Perampanel: A novel, orally active, noncompetitive AMPA-receptor antagonist that reduces seizure activity in rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(7), 1331-1340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03109.x] [PMID: 21635236]
[168]
Mazzocchetti, P.; Mancini, A.; Sciaccaluga, M.; Megaro, A.; Bellingacci, L.; Di Filippo, M.; Cesarini, E.N.; Romoli, M.; Carrano, N.; Gardoni, F.; Tozzi, A.; Calabresi, P.; Costa, C. Low doses of Perampanel protect striatal and hippocampal neurons against in vitro ischemia by reversing the ischemia-induced alteration of AMPA receptor subunit composition. Neurobiol. Dis., 2020, 140, 104848.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104848] [PMID: 32222474]
[169]
Chan, K. MaassenVanDenBrink, A. Glutamate receptor antagonists in the management of migraine. Drugs, 2014, 74(11), 1165-1176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0262-0] [PMID: 25030431]
[170]
Tringali, G.; Currò, D.; Navarra, P. Perampanel inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide release from rat brainstem in vitro. J. Headache Pain, 2018, 19(1), 107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0940-5] [PMID: 30419806]
[171]
Hoffmann, J.; Charles, A. Glutamate and its receptors as therapeutic targets for migraine. Neurotherapeutics, 2018, 15(2), 361-370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-018-0616-5] [PMID: 29508147]
[172]
Inc., E.. Efficacy and safety study of E2007 in migraine prophylaxis. NCT00154063, 2005.
[173]
Fernandes, M.; Dono, F.; Dainese, F.; Renna, R.; Consoli, S.; Gaspari, C.; Izzi, F.; Pagliuca, M.; Placidi, F.; Biagio Mercuri, N.; Liguori, C. Perampanel may represent an effective treatment for the prevention of migraine comorbid with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2021, 125, 108391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108391] [PMID: 34742034]
[174]
Mazzocchetti, P.; Tantucci, M.; Bastioli, G.; Calabrese, V.; Di Filippo, M.; Tozzi, A.; Calabresi, P.; Costa, C. Lacosamide protects striatal and hippocampal neurons from in vitro ischemia without altering physiological synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology, 2018, 135, 424-430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.040] [PMID: 29614316]
[175]
Doty, P.; Rudd, G.D.; Stoehr, T.; Thomas, D. Lacosamide. Neurotherapeutics, 2007, 4(1), 145-148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2006.10.002] [PMID: 17199030]
[176]
Beyreuther, B.K.; Freitag, J.; Heers, C.; Krebsfänger, N.; Scharfenecker, U.; Stöhr, T. Lacosamide: A review of preclinical properties. CNS Drug Rev., 2007, 13(1), 21-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00001.x] [PMID: 17461888]
[177]
Greco, M.C.; Capuano, A.; Navarra, P.; Tringali, G. Lacosamide inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide production and release at trigeminal level in the rat. Eur. J. Pain, 2016, 20(6), 959-966.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.820] [PMID: 26729049]
[178]
Hao, J.X.; Stöhr, T.; Selve, N.; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z.; Xu, X.J. Lacosamide, a new anti-epileptic, alleviates neuropathic pain-like behaviors in rat models of spinal cord or trigeminal nerve injury. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 553(1-3), 135-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.040] [PMID: 17092498]
[179]
Bekkelund, S.I.; Alstadhaug, K.B. Migraine prophylactic drugs – something new under the sun? Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2011, 20(9), 1201-1210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2011.601741] [PMID: 21819271]
[180]
Pharma, U. A study designed to test the effectiveness and safety of treating patients with lacosamide for migraine prophylaxis. NCT00440518, 2007.
[181]
Li, J.; Sun, M.; Wang, X. The adverse-effect profile of lacosamide. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2020, 19(2), 131-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2020.1713089] [PMID: 31914330]
[182]
Löscher, W.; Sills, G.J.; White, H.S. The ups and downs of alkyl‐carbamates in epilepsy therapy: How does cenobamate differ? Epilepsia, 2021, 62(3), 596-614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.16832] [PMID: 33580520]
[183]
Cady, R.K.; Mathew, N.; Diener, H.C.; Hu, P.; Haas, M.; Novak, G.P.; Study, G. Evaluation of carisbamate for the treatment of migraine in a randomized, double-blind trial. Headache, 2009, 49(2), 216-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01326.x] [PMID: 19222595]
[184]
Novak, G.P.; Kelley, M.; Zannikos, P.; Klein, B. Carisbamate (RWJ-333369). Neurotherapeutics, 2007, 4(1), 106-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2006.11.016] [PMID: 17199023]
[185]
Song, L.; Liu, F.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, R.; Ji, H.; Jia, Y. Clonazepam add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2020, 4(4), CD012253.
[PMID: 32309880]
[186]
Stensrud, P.; Sjaastad, O. Clonazepam (rivotril) in migraine prophylaxis. Headache, 1979, 19(6), 333-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1979.hed1906333.x] [PMID: 511533]
[187]
Bresnahan, R.; Martin-McGill, K.J.; Hutton, J.L.; Marson, A.G. Tiagabine add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Libr., 2019, 2019(10), CD001908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001908.pub4] [PMID: 31608990]
[188]
Bauer, J.; Cooper-Mahkorn, D. Tiagabine: Efficacy and safety in partial seizures – current status. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2008, 4(4), 731-736.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S833] [PMID: 19043517]
[189]
Freitag, F.; Diamond, S.; Diamond, M. The prophylaxis of migraine with the GABA-agonist, tiagabine: A clinical report. Headache, 1999, 19, 354.
[190]
Ghose, K.; Niven, B.; McLeod, A. Vigabatrin in the prophylaxis of drug resistant migraine: A double-blind crossover comparison with placebo. Cephalalgia, 1996, 16, 367.
[191]
Linde, M.; Mulleners, W.M.; Chronicle, E.P.; McCrory, D.C. Antiepileptics other than gabapentin, pregabalin, topiramate, and valproate for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2013, 2013(6), CD010608.
[PMID: 23797674]
[192]
Walker, S.D.; Kälviäinen, R. Non-vision adverse events with vigabatrin therapy. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2011, 124(192), 72-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01602.x] [PMID: 22061182]
[193]
Gordon, N. Episodic ataxia and channelopathies. Brain Dev., 1998, 20(1), 9-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0387-7604(97)00086-7] [PMID: 9533553]
[194]
Griggs, R.C.; Moxley, R.T., III; Riggs, J.E.; Engel, W.K. Effects of acetazolamide on myotonia. Ann. Neurol., 1978, 3(6), 531-537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410030614] [PMID: 677818]
[195]
Athwal, B.S.; Lennox, G.G. Acetazolamide responsiveness in familial hemiplegic migraine. Ann. Neurol., 1996, 40(5), 820-821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410400526] [PMID: 8957029]
[196]
Vahedi, K.; Taupin, P.; Djomby, R.; El-Amrani, M.; Lutz, G.; Filipetti, V.; Landais, P.; Massiou, H.; Bousser, M.G. Efficacy and tolerability of acetazolamide in migraine prophylaxis: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. J. Neurol., 2002, 249(2), 206-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007866] [PMID: 11985388]
[197]
Schmickl, C.N.; Owens, R.L.; Orr, J.E.; Edwards, B.A.; Malhotra, A. Side effects of acetazolamide: A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing overall risk and dose dependence. BMJ Open Respir. Res., 2020, 7(1), e000557.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000557] [PMID: 32332024]
[198]
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, I. Therapy for migraine prevention in children 6-11 years of age. NCT04050293, 2020.
[199]
Laboratories, U.-S.. Qudexy XR for the prevention of migraine in children 6 to 11 years old. NCT04748601, 2021.
[200]
Iannone, L.F.; De Cesaris, F.; Geppetti, P. Emerging pharmacological treatments for migraine in the pediatric population. Life (Basel), 2022, 12(4), 536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12040536] [PMID: 35455026]
[201]
Bentivegna, E.; Luciani, M.; Ferrari, V.; Galastri, S.; Baldari, F.; Scarso, F.; Lamberti, P.A.; Martelletti, P. Recently approved and emerging drug options for migraine prophylaxis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2022, 23(11), 1325-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2022.2102420] [PMID: 35850597]
[202]
Sacco, S.; Amin, F.M.; Ashina, M.; Bendtsen, L.; Deligianni, C.I.; Gil-Gouveia, R.; Katsarava, Z. MaassenVanDenBrink, A.; Martelletti, P.; Mitsikostas, D.D.; Ornello, R.; Reuter, U.; Sanchez-del-Rio, M.; Sinclair, A.J.; Terwindt, G.; Uluduz, D.; Versijpt, J.; Lampl, C. European Headache Federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene related peptide pathway for migraine prevention – 2022 update. J. Headache Pain, 2022, 23(1), 67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10194-022-01431-x] [PMID: 35690723]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 68
Html icon 2
Find your institution