Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Bipolar Disorder and Manic-Like Symptoms in Alzheimer’s, Vascular and Frontotemporal Dementia: A Systematic Review

Author(s): Camilla Elefante, Giulio Emilio Brancati, Samuele Torrigiani, Salvatore Amadori, Sara Ricciardulli, Gabriele Pistolesi, Lorenzo Lattanzi and Giulio Perugi*

Volume 21, Issue 12, 2023

Published on: 08 November, 2022

Page: [2516 - 2542] Pages: 27

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X20666220706110157

Price: $65

TIMBC 2025
Abstract

Background: An increased risk of manic episodes has been reported in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, but the clinical features of bipolar disorder (BD) in different subtypes of dementia have not been thoroughly investigated.

Objectives: The main aim of this study is to systematically review clinical and therapeutic evidence about manic syndromes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Since manic-mixed episodes have been associated to negative outcomes in patients with dementia and often require medical intervention, we also critically summarized selected studies with relevance for the treatment of mania in patients with cognitive decline.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to February 2022. Sixty-one articles on patients with AD, VaD, or FTD and BD or (hypo) mania have been included.

Results: Manic symptoms seem to be associated to disease progression in AD, have a greatly variable temporal relationship with cognitive decline in VaD, and frequently coincide with or precede cognitive impairment in FTD. Overall, mood stabilizers, and electroconvulsive therapy may be the most effective treatments, while the benefits of short-term treatment with antipsychotic agents must be balanced with the associated risks. Importantly, low-dose lithium salts may exert neuroprotective activity in patients with AD.

Conclusion: Prevalence, course, and characteristics of manic syndromes in patients with dementia may be differentially affected by the nature of the underlying neurodegenerative conditions.

Keywords: Mania, bipolar disorder, manic-like symptoms, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ng, B.; Camacho, A.; Lara, D.R.; Brunstein, M.G.; Pinto, O.C.; Akiskal, H.S. A case series on the hypothesized connection between dementia and bipolar spectrum disorders: Bipolar type VI? J. Affect. Disord., 2008, 107(1-3), 307-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.018] [PMID: 17889374]
[2]
Diniz, B.S.; Teixeira, A.L.; Cao, F.; Gildengers, A.; Soares, J.C.; Butters, M.A.; Reynolds, C.F., III History of bipolar disorder and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2017, 25(4), 357-362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.014] [PMID: 28161155]
[3]
Lai, A.X.; Kaup, A.R.; Yaffe, K.; Byers, A.L. High occurrence of psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior across dementia subtypes. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2018, 26(12), 1191-1201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.08.012] [PMID: 30392777]
[4]
Nilsson, F.M.; Kessing, L.V.; Sørensen, T.M.; Andersen, P.K.; Bolwig, T.G. Enduring increased risk of developing depression and mania in patients with dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2002, 73(1), 40-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.1.40] [PMID: 12082043]
[5]
Linde, RM. Van Der; Dening, T; Stephan, BCM; Prina, AM; Evans, E; Brayne, C Longitudinal course of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia : Systematic review, 2016, 366-377.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148403]
[6]
Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 2009, 6(7), e1000097.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097] [PMID: 19621072]
[7]
Cummings, J.L.; Mega, M.; Gray, K.; Rosenberg-Thompson, S.; Carusi, D.A.; Gornbein, J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 1994, 44(12), 2308-2314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.12.2308] [PMID: 7991117]
[8]
Cummings, J.L. The neuropsychiatric inventory. Neurology, 1997, 48, 10S-16S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.48.5_Suppl_6.10S]
[9]
2021 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement., 2021, 17(3), 327-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12328] [PMID: 33756057]
[10]
Olin, J.T.; Katz, I.R.; Meyers, B.S.; Schneider, L.S.; Lebowitz, B.D. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease: Rationale and background. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2002, 10(2), 129-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200203000-00004] [PMID: 11925274]
[11]
Benoit, M.; Berrut, G.; Doussaint, J.; Bakchine, S.; Bonin-Guillaume, S.; Frémont, P.; Gallarda, T.; Krolak-Salmon, P.; Marquet, T.; Mékiès, C.; Sellal, F.; Schuck, S.; David, R.; Robert, P. Apathy and depression in mild Alzheimer’s disease: A cross-sectional study using diagnostic criteria. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2012, 31(2), 325-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-112003] [PMID: 22543849]
[12]
Nandwana, V.; Kaur, J.; Singh, R.; Jaka, S.; Kaur, G.; Rawal, E.; Mathialagan, K.; Amuk Williams, O.C. Predictors of hospitalization for manic episode in Alzheimer’s dementia: Inputs from an inpatient case-control study. Cureus, 2021, 13(8), e17333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17333] [PMID: 34567877]
[13]
Mendez, M.F.; Parand, L.; Akhlaghipour, G. Bipolar disorder among patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2020, 32(4), 376-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20010003] [PMID: 32498603]
[14]
Brooks, J.O., III; Hoblyn, J.C. Secondary mania in older adults. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2005, 162(11), 2033-2038.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2033] [PMID: 16263839]
[15]
Lyketsos, C.G.; Corazzini, K.; Steele, C. Mania in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 1995, 7(3), 350-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.7.3.350] [PMID: 7580197]
[16]
Mirakhur, A.; Craig, D.; Hart, D.J.; McLlroy, S.P.; Passmore, A.P. Behavioural and psychological syndromes in Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2004, 19(11), 1035-1039.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1203] [PMID: 15481075]
[17]
Palmer, K.; Lupo, F.; Perri, R.; Salamone, G.; Fadda, L.; Caltagirone, C.; Musicco, M.; Cravello, L. Predicting disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease: The role of neuropsychiatric syndromes on functional and cognitive decline. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2011, 24(1), 35-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-101836] [PMID: 21157019]
[18]
Spalletta, G.; Musicco, M.; Padovani, A.; Rozzini, L.; Perri, R.; Fadda, L.; Canonico, V.; Trequattrini, A.; Pettenati, C.; Caltagirone, C.; Palmer, K. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2010, 18(11), 1026-1035.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181d6b68d] [PMID: 20808086]
[19]
Frisoni, G.B.; Rozzini, L.; Gozzetti, A.; Binetti, G.; Zanetti, O.; Bianchetti, A.; Trabucchi, M.; Cummings, J.L. Behavioral syndromes in Alzheimer’s disease: Description and correlates. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 1999, 10(2), 130-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000017113] [PMID: 10026387]
[20]
Fuh, J.L.; Liu, C.K.; Mega, M.S.; Wang, S.J.; Cummings, J.L. Behavioral disorders and caregivers’ reaction in Taiwanese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int. Psychogeriatr., 2001, 13(1), 121-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610201007517] [PMID: 11352329]
[21]
Benoit, M.; Staccini, P.; Brocker, P.; Benhamidat, T.; Bertogliati, C.; Lechowski, L.; Tortrat, D.; Robert, P.H. Behavioral and psychologic symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Results of the REAL.FR study. Rev. Med. Interne, 2003, 24(Suppl. 3), 319s-324s.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0248-8663(03)80690-2] [PMID: 14710451]
[22]
Aalten, P.; de Vugt, M.E.; Lousberg, R.; Korten, E.; Jaspers, N.; Senden, B.; Jolles, J.; Verhey, F.R. Behavioral problems in dementia: A factor analysis of the neuropsychiatric inventory. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 2003, 15(2), 99-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000067972] [PMID: 12566599]
[23]
Hollingworth, P.; Hamshere, M.L.; Moskvina, V.; Dowzell, K.; Moore, P.J.; Foy, C.; Archer, N.; Lynch, A.; Lovestone, S.; Brayne, C.; Rubinsztein, D.C.; Lawlor, B.; Gill, M.; Owen, M.J.; Williams, J. Four components describe behavioral symptoms in 1,120 individuals with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2006, 54(9), 1348-1354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00854.x] [PMID: 16970641]
[24]
Palmer, B.W.; Loughran, C.I.; Meeks, T.W. Cognitive impairment among older adults with late-life schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Continuum (Minneap Minn)., 2010, 16(2 Dementia), 135-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000368216.09706.6b] [PMID: 22810285]
[25]
Lachs, M.S.; Becker, M.; Siegal, A.P.; Miller, R.L.; Tinetti, M.E. Delusions and behavioral disturbances in cognitively impaired elderly persons. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 1992, 40(8), 768-773.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01847.x] [PMID: 1634719]
[26]
Aarsland, D.; Cummings, J.L.; Yenner, G.; Miller, B. Relationship of aggressive behavior to other neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1996, 153(2), 243-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.2.243] [PMID: 8561206]
[27]
Ehrt, U.; Fritze, F.; Aarsland, D. Mania after administration of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with dementia and comorbid bipolar disorder: Two case reports. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2011, 31(2), 254-256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31820fce90] [PMID: 21364344]
[28]
Tseng, W-S.; Tzeng, N-S. A rivastigmine-precipitated manic episode in a patient with Alzheimer-type dementia. Int. Psychogeriatr., 2012, 24(10), 1697-1699.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000701] [PMID: 22717054]
[29]
Jalal, H.; Ganesh, A.; Lau, R.; Lysack, J.; Ismail, Z. Cholinesterase-inhibitor associated mania: A case report and literature review. Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 2014, 41(2), 278-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100016735] [PMID: 24534046]
[30]
Hategan, A.; Bourgeois, J.A. Donepezil-associated manic episode with psychotic features: A case report and review of the literature. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 2016, 38, 115.e1-115.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.09.004] [PMID: 26598289]
[31]
Faisal, M.; Khan, G.S.; Hussain, N. Cholinesterase inhibitors and affective symptoms: A case report on long-term donepezil use in Alzheimer’s and late onset of manic symptoms. Middle East Curr Psychiatry, 2017, 24, 142-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.XME.0000513067.57515.74]
[32]
Leung, J.G. Donepezil-induced mania. Consult Pharm., 2014, 29(3), 191-195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2014.191] [PMID: 24589768]
[33]
Benazzi, F. Mania associated with donepezil. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 1998, 13(11), 814-815.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(1998110)13:11<814:AID-GPS859>3.0.CO;2-I] [PMID: 9850879]
[34]
Benazzi, F. Mania associated with donepezil. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 1999, 24(5), 468-469.
[PMID: 10586539]
[35]
Rao, V.; Ovitt, L.; Robbins, B. Donepezil induced hypomania. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2008, 20(1), 107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.1.107] [PMID: 18305295]
[36]
Benazzi, F.; Rossi, E. Mania and donepezil. Can. J. Psychiatry, 1999, 44(5), 506-507.
[PMID: 10389619]
[37]
Duan, J.; Lao, C.; Chen, J.; Pan, F.; Zhang, C.; Xu, W.; Zhou, W.; Hu, J.; Shang, D.; Huang, M.; Xu, Y. Memantine induces manic episode in a 73-year-old patient with vascular neurocognitive disorder: A case report. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2018, 14, 1395-1398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S160832] [PMID: 29881276]
[38]
O’Brien, J.T.; Thomas, A. Vascular dementia. Lancet, 2015, 386(10004), 1698-1706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00463-8] [PMID: 26595643]
[39]
Thal, D.R.; Grinberg, L.T.; Attems, J. Vascular dementia: Different forms of vessel disorders contribute to the development of dementia in the elderly brain. Exp. Gerontol., 2012, 47(11), 816-824.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.023] [PMID: 22705146]
[40]
Erkinjuntti, T.; Inzitari, D.; Pantoni, L.; Wallin, A.; Scheltens, P.; Rockwood, K. Limitations of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia in clinical trials. Is a focus on subcortical vascular dementia a solution? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2000, 903, 262-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06376.x] [PMID: 10818515]
[41]
Rodríguez García, P.L.; Rodríguez García, D. Diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment and its main categories. Neurologia, 2015, 30(4), 223-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.12.013] [PMID: 22739039]
[42]
O’Sullivan, M.; Jarosz, J.M.; Martin, R.J.; Deasy, N.; Powell, J.F.; Markus, H.S. MRI hyperintensities of the temporal lobe and external capsule in patients with CADASIL. Neurology, 2001, 56(5), 628-634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.5.628] [PMID: 11245715]
[43]
O’Brien, J.T.; Erkinjuntti, T.; Reisberg, B.; Roman, G.; Sawada, T.; Pantoni, L.; Bowler, J.V.; Ballard, C.; DeCarli, C.; Gorelick, P.B.; Rockwood, K.; Burns, A.; Gauthier, S.; DeKosky, S.T. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol., 2003, 2(2), 89-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00305-3] [PMID: 12849265]
[44]
Gorelick, P.B.; Scuteri, A.; Black, S.E.; Decarli, C.; Greenberg, S.M.; Iadecola, C.; Launer, L.J.; Laurent, S.; Lopez, O.L.; Nyenhuis, D.; Petersen, R.C.; Schneider, J.A.; Tzourio, C.; Arnett, D.K.; Bennett, D.A.; Chui, H.C.; Higashida, R.T.; Lindquist, R.; Nilsson, P.M.; Roman, G.C.; Sellke, F.W.; Seshadri, S. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke, 2011, 42(9), 2672-2713.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e3182299496] [PMID: 21778438]
[45]
Erkinjuntti, T.; Gauthier, S. The concept of vascular cognitive impairment. Front Neurol. Neurosci., 2009, 24, 79-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000197886] [PMID: 19182465]
[46]
Alexopoulos, G.S.; Meyers, B.S.; Young, R.C.; Campbell, S.; Silbersweig, D.; Charlson, M. ‘Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1997, 54(10), 915-922.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830220033006] [PMID: 9337771]
[47]
Alexopoulos, G.S. The vascular depression hypothesis: 10 years later. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 60(12), 1304-1305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.006] [PMID: 17157096]
[48]
Santos, C.O.; Caeiro, L.; Ferro, J.M.; Figueira, M.L. Mania and stroke: A systematic review. Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2011, 32(1), 11-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000327032] [PMID: 21576938]
[49]
Starkstein, S.E.; Boston, J.D.; Robinson, R.G. Mechanisms of mania after brain injury. 12 case reports and review of the literature. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1988, 176(2), 87-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198802000-00004] [PMID: 3276815]
[50]
Wilson, D.; McLaughlin, T. Cerebrovascular disease and secondary mania. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 1990, 12(4), 271-275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(90)90066-L] [PMID: 2376328]
[51]
Iijima, M.; Ishino, H.; Seno, H.; Inagaki, T.; Haruki, S. An autopsy case of Binswanger’s disease without hypertension and associated with cerebral infarction in the terminal stage. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol., 1993, 47(4), 901-907.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1993.tb01839.x] [PMID: 8201801]
[52]
Watanabe, Y.; Shioiri, T.; Kuwabara, H.; Someya, T. Mania after vascular dementia in a patient with bipolar II disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2006, 60(1), 117-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01470.x] [PMID: 16472370]
[53]
Park, S.; Park, B.; Koh, M.K.; Joo, Y.H. Case report: Bipolar disorder as the first manifestation of CADASIL. BMC Psychiatry, 2014, 14, 175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-175] [PMID: 24929957]
[54]
Bangash, A.; Saad, K. Bipolar disorder against a background of a rare vascular dementia. Prog. Neurol. Psychiatry, 2016, 20, 10-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pnp.426]
[55]
Damodaran, S.S.; Sinha, V.K.; Das, A.; Akhtar, S. Multifocal leucoencephalopathy presenting as antidepressant induced mania. Indian J. Psychiatry, 1994, 36(1), 30-32.
[PMID: 21743663]
[56]
Senturk Cankorur, V.; Bilgic, A.; Atbasoglu, E.C. A case of probable bipolar VI disorder? J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2006, 67, 1309-1310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n0821d]
[57]
Duggal, H.S.; Singh, I. New-onset vascular mania in a patient with chronic depression. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2009, 21(4), 480-482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2009.21.4.480] [PMID: 19996269]
[58]
Kumar, S.K.; Mahr, G. CADASIL presenting as bipolar disorder. Psychosomatics, 1997, 38(4), 397-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71452-X] [PMID: 9217412]
[59]
Leyhe, T.; Wiendl, H.; Buchkremer, G.; Wormstall, H. CADASIL: Underdiagnosed in psychiatric patients? Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2005, 111(5), 392-396.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00452.x] [PMID: 15819734]
[60]
Uppal, M.; Kanellopoulos, D.; Kotbi, N. CADASIL presenting as late-onset mania with anosognosia. Clin. Case Rep., 2019, 8(1), 47-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2594] [PMID: 31998484]
[61]
Fenn, D.; George, K. Post-stroke mania late in life involving the left hemisphere. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 1999, 33(4), 598-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00539.x] [PMID: 10483858]
[62]
Liu, C.Y.; Wang, S.J.; Fuh, J.L.; Yang, Y.Y.; Liu, H.C. Bipolar disorder following a stroke involving the left hemisphere. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 1996, 30(5), 688-691.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609062667] [PMID: 8902178]
[63]
Jampala, V.C.; Abrams, R. Mania secondary to left and right hemisphere damage. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1983, 140(9), 1197-1199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.140.9.1197] [PMID: 6614229]
[64]
Cummings, J.L. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch. Neurol., 1993, 50(8), 873-880.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1993.00540080076020] [PMID: 8352676]
[65]
Bonelli, R.M.; Cummings, J.L. Frontal-subcortical circuitry and behavior. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2007, 9(2), 141-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.2/rbonelli] [PMID: 17726913]
[66]
Filley, C.M.; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K. Neurobehavioral presentations of brain neoplasms. West. J. Med., 1995, 163(1), 19-25.
[PMID: 7667978]
[67]
Musat, E.M.; Marlinge, E.; Leroy, M.; Olié, E.; Magnin, E.; Lebert, F.; Gabelle, A.; Bennabi, D.; Blanc, F.; Paquet, C.; Cognat, E. Characteristics of bipolar patients with cognitive impairment of suspected neurodegenerative origin: A multicenter cohort. J. Pers. Med., 2021, 11(11), 1183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111183] [PMID: 34834535]
[68]
Okamoto, N.; Ikenouchi, A.; Seki, I.; Hirano, N.; Yoshimura, R. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy with a hypomanic episode treated with valproic acid. Cureus, 2021, 13(7), e16411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.16411] [PMID: 34408959]
[69]
Woolley, J.D.; Khan, B.K.; Murthy, N.K.; Miller, B.L.; Rankin, K.P. The diagnostic challenge of psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative disease: Rates of and risk factors for prior psychiatric diagnosis in patients with early neurodegenerative disease. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2011, 72(2), 126-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06382oli] [PMID: 21382304]
[70]
Krudop, W.A.; Dols, A.; Kerssens, C.J.; Eikelenboom, P.; Prins, N.D.; Möller, C.; Schouws, S.; Rhebergen, D.; van Exel, E.; van der Flier, W.M.; Sikkes, S.; Scheltens, P.; Stek, M.L.; Pijnenburg, Y.A.L. The pitfall of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia mimics despite multidisciplinary application of the FTDC criteria. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2017, 60(3), 959-975.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170608] [PMID: 28984605]
[71]
Gossink, F.T.; Dols, A.; Krudop, W.A.; Sikkes, S.A.; Kerssens, C.J.; Prins, N.D.; Scheltens, P.; Stek, M.L.; Pijnenburg, Y.A. Formal psychiatric disorders are not overrepresented in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2016, 51(4), 1249-1256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-151198] [PMID: 26967225]
[72]
Reus, L.M.; Vijverberg, E.G.B.; Tijms, B.M.; Kate, M.T.; Gossink, F.; Krudop, W.A.; Campo, M.D.; Teunissen, C.E.; Barkhof, F.; van der Flier, W.M.; Visser, P.J.; Dols, A.; Pijnenburg, Y.A. Disease trajectories in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, primary psychiatric and other neurodegenerative disorders presenting with behavioural change. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2018, 104, 183-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.014] [PMID: 30103065]
[73]
Gregory, C.A. Frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of neuropsychiatric features. Psychol. Med., 1999, 29(5), 1205-1217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799008934] [PMID: 10576312]
[74]
Galimberti, D.; Dell’Osso, B.; Altamura, A.C.; Scarpini, E. Psychiatric symptoms in frontotemporal dementia: Epidemiology, phenotypes, and differential diagnosis. Biol. Psychiatry, 2015, 78(10), 684-692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.028] [PMID: 25958088]
[75]
Papazacharias, A.; Lozupone, M.; Barulli, M.R.; Capozzo, R.; Imbimbo, B.P.; Veneziani, F.; De Blasi, R.; Nardini, M.; Seripa, D.; Panza, F.; Logroscino, G. Bipolar disorder and frontotemporal dementia: An intriguing association. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2017, 55(3), 973-979.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160860] [PMID: 27802240]
[76]
Poletti, M.; Bonuccelli, U. Psychopathological spectrum in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Riv. Psichiatr., 2013, 48(2), 146-154.
[PMID: 23748725]
[77]
Pavlovic, A.; Marley, J.; Sivakumar, V. Development of frontotemporal dementia in a case of bipolar affective disorder: Is there a link? BMJ Case Rep., 2011, 2011, bcr0920103303-bcr0920103303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.09.2010.3303] [PMID: 22714610]
[78]
Borges, S.Q.; Corrêa, T.X.; Trindade, I.O.A.; Amorim, R.F.B.; Toledo, M.A.V. Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder Neuroprogression or behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? Dement. Neuropsychol., 2019, 13(4), 475-480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-040016] [PMID: 31844503]
[79]
Velakoulis, D.; Walterfang, M.; Mocellin, R.; Pantelis, C.; McLean, C. Frontotemporal dementia presenting as schizophrenia-like psychosis in young people: Clinicopathological series and review of cases. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2009, 194(4), 298-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.057034] [PMID: 19336778]
[80]
Cerami, C.; Marcone, A.; Galimberti, D.; Villa, C.; Scarpini, E.; Cappa, S.F. From genotype to phenotype: Two cases of genetic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with premorbid bipolar disorder. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2011, 27(4), 791-797.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-110788] [PMID: 21891869]
[81]
Monji, A.; Motomura, K.; Mizoguchi, Y.; Ohara, T.; Baba, S.; Yoshiura, T.; Kanba, S. A case of late-onset bipolar disorder with severely abnormal behavior and neuroimaging observations very similar to those of frontotemporal dementia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2014, 26(1), E35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13020031] [PMID: 24515704]
[82]
Martins, L.T.; Teixeira, I.A.; Laks, J.; Marinho, V. Recognizing late onset frontotemporal dementia with the DAPHNE scale: A case report. Dement. Neuropsychol., 2018, 12(1), 75-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-010011] [PMID: 29682237]
[83]
Rubino, E.; Vacca, A.; Gallone, S.; Govone, F.; Zucca, M.; Gai, A.; Ferrero, P.; Fenoglio, P.; Giordana, M.T.; Rainero, I. Late onset bipolar disorder and frontotemporal dementia with mutation in progranulin gene: A case report. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener., 2017, 18(7-8), 624-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2017.1339716] [PMID: 28664756]
[84]
Floris, G.; Di Stefano, F.; Pisanu, C.; Chillotti, C.; Murru, M.R.; Congiu, D.; Cuccu, S.; Ruiu, E.; Borghero, G.; Cannas, A.; Marrosu, M.G.; Marrosu, F.; Del Zompo, M.; Squassina, A. C9ORF72 repeat expansion and bipolar disorder - is there a link? No mutation detected in a Sardinian cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2014, 16(6), 667-668.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12210] [PMID: 24798095]
[85]
Prevezanos, P-G.; Badrakalimuthu, R.; Eddy, T. When mania is not mania: A case of frontotemporal dementia. Prog. Neurol. Psychiatry, 2017, 21, 8-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pnp.472]
[86]
Vorspan, F.; Bertoux, M.; Brichant-Petitjean, C.; Dubois, B.; Lépine, J-P. Relapsing-remitting behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia in a bipolar patient. Funct. Neurol., 2012, 27(3), 193-196.
[PMID: 23402681]
[87]
Kerstein, A.H.; Schroeder, R.W.; Baade, L.E.; Lincoln, J.; Khan, A.Y. Frontotemporal dementia mimicking bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 2013, 19(6), 498-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000438190.04786.16] [PMID: 24241504]
[88]
Saridin, F.N.; Schouws, S.N.T.M.; de Jong, J.; Pijnenburg, Y.A.L.; Dols, A. Secondary mania as a possible presentation of a C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion. Bipolar Disord., 2019, 21(1), 90-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12724] [PMID: 30427111]
[89]
Bretag-Norris, R.; Gallur, L.; Flynn, P. Heterogeneity in the psychiatric presentation of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Australas. Psychiatry, 2019, 27(5), 491-495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219860031] [PMID: 31310153]
[90]
Ibanez, N. Atypical presentation of frontotemporal dementia masquerading as bipolar disorder and substance abuse: A case report. W. V. Med. J., 2012, 108(4), 16-17.
[PMID: 22872960]
[91]
Dionisie, V.; Manea, M.; Manea, M.C. Crăciun, A. A mania that is not mania: A case of frontotemporal dementia with early onset. BRAIN Broad Res Artif Intell Neurosci, 2020, 11, 175-181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3Sup1/133]
[92]
Payman, V.; Lamb, F.; Stefanou, M. Abnormal C9orf72 frontotemporal dementia behavioural variant presenting as manic psychosis. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 2019, 53(8), 815-816.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418823271] [PMID: 30654615]
[93]
Gálvez-Andres, A.; Blasco-Fontecilla, H.; González-Parra, S.; Molina, J.D.; Padín, J.M.; Rodriguez, R.H. Secondary bipolar disorder and Diogenes syndrome in frontotemporal dementia: Behavioral improvement with quetiapine and sodium valproate. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2007, 27(6), 722-723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31815a57c1] [PMID: 18004150]
[94]
Shah, R.; Mattoo, S.K.; Kodakandla, K. Dementia masquerading as mania--when should it be suspected? Afr. J. Psychiatry (Johannesbg.), 2013, 16(1), 53-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.9] [PMID: 23417638]
[95]
Meisler, M.H.; Grant, A.E.; Jones, J.M.; Lenk, G.M.; He, F.; Todd, P.K.; Kamali, M.; Albin, R.L.; Lieberman, A.P.; Langenecker, S.A.; McInnis, M.G. C9ORF72 expansion in a family with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2013, 15(3), 326-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12063] [PMID: 23551834]
[96]
Galimberti, D.; Reif, A.; Dell’Osso, B.; Palazzo, C.; Villa, C.; Fenoglio, C.; Kittel-Schneider, S.; Leonhard, C.; Olmes, D.G.; Serpente, M.; Paoli, R.A.; Altamura, A.C.; Scarpini, E. C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion as a rare cause of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2014, 16(4), 448-449.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12169] [PMID: 24329881]
[97]
Devenney, E.M.; Ahmed, R.M.; Halliday, G.; Piguet, O.; Kiernan, M.C.; Hodges, J.R. Psychiatric disorders in C9orf72 kindreds: Study of 1,414 family members. Neurology, 2018, 91(16), e1498-e1507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006344] [PMID: 30258023]
[98]
Gossink, F.T.; Dols, A.; Kerssens, C.J.; Krudop, W.A.; Kerklaan, B.J.; Scheltens, P.; Stek, M.L.; Pijnenburg, Y.A. Psychiatric diagnoses underlying the phenocopy syndrome of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2016, 87(1), 64-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-308284] [PMID: 25618904]
[99]
Dols, A.; Krudop, W.; Möller, C.; Shulman, K.; Sajatovic, M.; Pijnenburg, Y.A. Late life bipolar disorder evolving into frontotemporal dementia mimic. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2016, 12, 2207-2212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S99229] [PMID: 27660450]
[100]
Masouy, A.; Chopard, G.; Vandel, P.; Magnin, E.; Rumbach, L.; Sechter, D.; Haffen, E. Bipolar disorder and dementia: Where is the link? Psychogeriatrics, 2011, 11(1), 60-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2010.00348.x] [PMID: 21447111]
[101]
Devanand, D.P.; Pelton, G.H.; D’Antonio, K.; Strickler, J.G.; Kreisl, W.C.; Noble, J.; Marder, K.; Skomorowsky, A.; Huey, E.D. Low-dose lithium treatment for agitation and psychosis in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia: A case series. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 2017, 31(1), 73-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000161] [PMID: 27819842]
[102]
Pijnenburg, Y.A.L.; Sampson, E.L.; Harvey, R.J.; Fox, N.C.; Rossor, M.N. Vulnerability to neuroleptic side effects in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2003, 18(1), 67-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.774] [PMID: 12497558]
[103]
Herrmann, N.; Black, S.E.; Chow, T.; Cappell, J.; Tang-Wai, D.F.; Lanctôt, K.L. Serotonergic function and treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2012, 20(9), 789-797.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31823033f3] [PMID: 21878805]
[104]
Trieu, C.; Gossink, F.; Stek, M.L.; Scheltens, P.; Pijnenburg, Y.A.L.; Dols, A. Effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for symptoms of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: A systematic review. Cogn. Behav. Neurol., 2020, 33(1), 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000217] [PMID: 32132398]
[105]
Watt, J.A.; Gomes, T.; Bronskill, S.E.; Huang, A.; Austin, P.C.; Ho, J.M.; Straus, S.E. Comparative risk of harm associated with trazodone or atypical antipsychotic use in older adults with dementia: A retrospective cohort study. CMAJ, 2018, 190(47), E1376-E1383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180551] [PMID: 30478215]
[106]
Mendez, M.F.; Shapira, J.S.; McMurtray, A.; Licht, E. Preliminary findings: Behavioral worsening on donepezil in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2007, 15(1), 84-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000231744.69631.33] [PMID: 17194818]
[107]
Kimura, T.; Takamatsu, J. Pilot study of pharmacological treatment for frontotemporal dementia: Risk of donepezil treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int., 2013, 13(2), 506-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00956.x] [PMID: 23551349]
[108]
Huey, E.D.; Putnam, K.T.; Grafman, J. A systematic review of neurotransmitter deficits and treatments in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 2006, 66(1), 17-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000191304.55196.4d] [PMID: 16401839]
[109]
Huey, E.D.; Garcia, C.; Wassermann, E.M.; Tierney, M.C.; Grafman, J. Stimulant treatment of frontotemporal dementia in 8 patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2008, 69(12), 1981-1982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v69n1219a] [PMID: 19203481]
[110]
Rahman, S.; Robbins, T.W.; Hodges, J.R.; Mehta, M.A.; Nestor, P.J.; Clark, L.; Sahakian, B.J. Methylphenidate (‘Ritalin’) can ameliorate abnormal risk-taking behavior in the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006, 31(3), 651-658.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300886] [PMID: 16160709]
[111]
Thorlacius-Ussing, G.; Nielsen, J.E.; Law, I.; Hansen, H.V.; Birgitte Bo, A. Mania triggered by levodopa treatment in a patient with frontotemporal dementia caused by A C9orf72 repeat expansion: A case report. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg., 2020, 198, 106147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106147] [PMID: 32823188]
[112]
Cumbo, E.; Ligori, L.D. Differential effects of current specific treatments on behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A 12-month, randomized, open-label trial. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2014, 39(3), 477-485.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-131190] [PMID: 24164733]
[113]
Young, R.C.; Mulsant, B.H.; Sajatovic, M.; Gildengers, A.G.; Gyulai, L.; Al Jurdi, R.K.; Beyer, J.; Evans, J.; Banerjee, S.; Greenberg, R.; Marino, P.; Kunik, M.E.; Chen, P.; Barrett, M.; Schulberg, H.C.; Bruce, M.L.; Reynolds, C.F., III; Alexopoulos, G.S. GERI-BD: A randomized double-blind controlled trial of lithium and divalproex in the treatment of mania in older patients with bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2017, 174(11), 1086-1093.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.15050657] [PMID: 29088928]
[114]
Noble, W.; Planel, E.; Zehr, C.; Olm, V.; Meyerson, J.; Suleman, F.; Gaynor, K.; Wang, L.; LaFrancois, J.; Feinstein, B.; Burns, M.; Krishnamurthy, P.; Wen, Y.; Bhat, R.; Lewis, J.; Dickson, D.; Duff, K. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by lithium correlates with reduced tauopathy and degeneration in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102(19), 6990-6995.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500466102] [PMID: 15867159]
[115]
Forlenza, O.V.; Radanovic, M.; Talib, L.L.; Gattaz, W.F. Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Randomised clinical trial. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2019, 215(5), 668-674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.76] [PMID: 30947755]
[116]
Fajardo, V.A.; Fajardo, V.A.; LeBlanc, P.J.; MacPherson, R.E.K. Examining the relationship between trace lithium in drinking water and the rising rates of age-adjusted Alzheimer’s disease mortality in Texas. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2018, 61(1), 425-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170744] [PMID: 29103043]
[117]
Havens, W.W., II; Cole, J. Successful treatment of dementia with lithium. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1982, 2(1), 71-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-198202000-00013] [PMID: 7068945]
[118]
Devanand, D.P.; Crocco, E.; Forester, B.P.; Husain, M.M.; Lee, S.; Vahia, I.V.; Andrews, H.; Simon-Pearson, L.; Imran, N.; Luca, L.; Huey, E.D.; Deliyannides, D.A.; Pelton, G.H. Low dose lithium treatment of behavioral complications in Alzheimer’s disease: Lit-AD randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2022, 30(1), 32-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.04.014] [PMID: 34059401]
[119]
Forlenza, O.V.; Diniz, B.S.; Radanovic, M.; Santos, F.S.; Talib, L.L.; Gattaz, W.F. Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2011, 198(5), 351-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080044] [PMID: 21525519]
[120]
Himmelhoch, J.M.; Neil, J.F.; May, S.J.; Fuchs, C.Z.; Licata, S.M. Age, dementia, dyskinesias, and lithium response. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1980, 137(8), 941-945.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.8.941] [PMID: 7416295]
[121]
Kemperman, C.J.; Gerdes, J.H.; De Rooij, J.; Vencken, L.M. Reversible lithium neurotoxicity at normal serum level may refer to intracranial pathology. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1989, 52(5), 679-680.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.52.5.679-a] [PMID: 2732745]
[122]
Moskowitz, A.S.; Altshuler, L. Increased sensitivity to lithium-induced neurotoxicity after stroke: A case report. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1991, 11(4), 272-273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199108000-00020] [PMID: 1918428]
[123]
Soriano-Barceló, J.; Alonso, M.T.; Traba, M.B.P.; Vilar, A.A.; Kahn, D.A. A case with reversible neurotoxicity after 2 years of dementia secondary to maintenance lithium treatment. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 2015, 21(2), 154-159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000462608.02478.16] [PMID: 25782766]
[124]
Sproule, B.A.; Hardy, B.G.; Shulman, K.I. Differential pharmacokinetics of lithium in elderly patients. Drugs Aging, 2000, 16(3), 165-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200016030-00002] [PMID: 10803857]
[125]
Boora, K.; Xu, J.; Hyatt, J. Encephalopathy with combined lithium-risperidone administration. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2008, 117(5), 394-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01165.x] [PMID: 18331580]
[126]
Spring, G.K. Neurotoxicity with combined use of lithium and thioridazine. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1979, 40(3), 135-138.
[PMID: 106047]
[127]
Netto, I.; Phutane, V.H.; Ravindran, B. Lithium neurotoxicity due to second-generation antipsychotics combined with lithium: A systematic review. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord, 2019, 21(3), 17r02225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.17r02225] [PMID: 31237432]
[128]
Netto, I.; Phutane, V.H. Reversible lithium neurotoxicity: Review of the literatur. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 2012, 14(1), PCC.11r01197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.11r01197] [PMID: 22690368]
[129]
Nambudiri, D.E.; Meyers, B.S.; Young, R.C. Delayed recovery from lithium neurotoxicity. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., 1991, 4(1), 40-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089198879100400108] [PMID: 1905132]
[130]
Lempérière, T. Brief history of the development of valproate in bipolar disorders. Encephale, 2001, 27(4), 365-372.
[PMID: 11686059]
[131]
Evans, D.L.; Byerly, M.J.; Greer, R.A. Secondary mania: Diagnosis and treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1995, 56(Suppl. 3), 31-37.
[PMID: 7883741]
[132]
Baillon, S.F.; Narayana, U.; Luxenberg, J.S.; Clifton, A.V. Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2018, 10, CD003945.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003945.pub4] [PMID: 30293233]
[133]
Leung, J.G.; Mullen, S. Dosing of valproate in an elderly population with dementia: Evaluation of discontinuations and dose reductions. Ment. Health Clin., 2012, 1, 274-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.n106822]
[134]
Herrmann, N. Valproic acid treatment of agitation in dementia. Can. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 43(1), 69-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300108] [PMID: 9494750]
[135]
Sarycheva, T.; Lavikainen, P.; Taipale, H.; Tiihonen, J.; Tanskanen, A.; Hartikainen, S.; Tolppanen, A.M. Antiepileptic drug use and mortality among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 2020, 94(20), e2099-e2108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009435] [PMID: 32327491]
[136]
Pinheiro, D. Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Encephale, 2008, 34(4), 409-415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2007.10.006] [PMID: 18922244]
[137]
Tsai, P-S.; Liu, I-C.; Chiu, C-H.; Huang, C-J.; Wang, M-Y. Effect of valproic acid on dementia onset in patients with bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2016, 201, 131-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.010] [PMID: 27208500]
[138]
NICE Dementia: Assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers (NICE guideline, NG97). Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, 2020, 62, 682-688.
[139]
Dolder, C.; McKinsey, J. Low-dose divalproex in agitated patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 2010, 16(1), 63-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000367781.26507.86] [PMID: 20098234]
[140]
Forester, B.; Vanelli, M.; Hyde, J.; Perez, R.; Ahokpossi, C.; Sribney, W.; Adkison, L. Report on an open-label prospective study of divalproex sodium for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia as monotherapy and in combination with second-generation antipsychotic medication. Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother., 2007, 5(3), 209-217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.09.001] [PMID: 17996660]
[141]
Niedermier, J.A.; Nasrallah, H.A. Clinical correlates of response to valproate in geriatric inpatients. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, 1998, 10(4), 165-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10401239809147033] [PMID: 9988057]
[142]
Essa, M. Carbamazepine in dementia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1986, 6(4), 234-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-198608000-00007] [PMID: 2874158]
[143]
Lemke, M. Effect of carbamazepine on agitation and emotional lability associated with severe dementia. Eur. Psychiatry, 1995, 10(5), 259-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80303-8] [PMID: 19698349]
[144]
Lemke, M.R. Effect of carbamazepine on agitation in Alzheimer’s inpatients refractory to neuroleptics. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1995, 56(8), 354-357.
[PMID: 7635851]
[145]
Ballard, C.G.; Gauthier, S.; Cummings, J.L.; Brodaty, H.; Grossberg, G.T.; Robert, P.; Lyketsos, C.G. Management of agitation and aggression associated with Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2009, 5(5), 245-255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.39] [PMID: 19488082]
[146]
Chambers, C.A.; Bain, J.; Rosbottom, R.; Ballinger, B.R.; McLaren, S. Carbamazepine in senile dementia and overactivity-a placebo controlled double-blind trial. IRCS Med. Sci., 1982, 10, 505-506.
[147]
Sajatovic, M.; Madhusoodanan, S.; Coconcea, N. Managing bipolar disorder in the elderly: Defining the role of the newer agents. Drugs Aging, 2005, 22(1), 39-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200522010-00003] [PMID: 15663348]
[148]
Aziz, R.; Lorberg, B.; Tampi, R.R. Treatments for late-life bipolar disorder. Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother., 2006, 4(4), 347-364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.12.007] [PMID: 17296540]
[149]
Beghi, E.; Beghi, M. Epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs and dementia. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2020, 33(2), 191-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000802] [PMID: 32073437]
[150]
Sethi, M.A.; Mehta, R.; Devanand, D.P. Gabapentin in geriatric mania. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., 2003, 16(2), 117-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988703016002010] [PMID: 12807075]
[151]
Supasitthumrong, T.; Bolea-Alamanac, B.M.; Asmer, S.; Woo, V.L.; Abdool, P.S.; Davies, S.J.C. Gabapentin and pregabalin to treat aggressivity in dementia: A systematic review and illustrative case report. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2019, 85(4), 690-703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13844] [PMID: 30575088]
[152]
Sajatovic, M.; Gyulai, L.; Calabrese, J.R.; Thompson, T.R.; Wilson, B.G.; White, R.; Evoniuk, G. Maintenance treatment outcomes in older patients with bipolar I disorder. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2005, 13(4), 305-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200504000-00006] [PMID: 15845756]
[153]
Ng, B.; Camacho, A.; Bardwell, W.; Sewell, D.D. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int. Psychogeriatr., 2009, 21(1), 207-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610208007898] [PMID: 18834559]
[154]
Calabrese, J.R.; Bowden, C.L.; Sachs, G.; Yatham, L.N.; Behnke, K.; Mehtonen, O-P.; Montgomery, P.; Ascher, J.; Paska, W.; Earl, N.; DeVeaugh-Geiss, J. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2003, 64(9), 1013-1024.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v64n0906] [PMID: 14628976]
[155]
Gerlach, L.B.; Kales, H.C.; Kim, H.M.; Bynum, J.P.W.; Chiang, C.; Strominger, J.; Maust, D.T. Trends in antipsychotic and mood stabilizer prescribing in long-term care in the U.S.: 2011-2014. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc., 2020, 21(11), 1629-1635.e8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.039] [PMID: 32693995]
[156]
Zakarias, J.K.; Jensen-Dahm, C.; Nørgaard, A.; Stevnsborg, L.; Gasse, C.; Andersen, B.G.; Søren, J.; Waldorff, F.B.; Moos, T.; Waldemar, G. Geographical variation in antipsychotic drug use in elderly patients with dementia: A nationwide study. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2016, 54(3), 1183-1192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160485] [PMID: 27567863]
[157]
Leslie, D.L.; Mohamed, S.; Rosenheck, R.A. Off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the department of Veterans Affairs health care system. Psychiatr. Serv., 2009, 60(9), 1175-1181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.9.1175] [PMID: 19723731]
[158]
Marston, L.; Nazareth, I.; Petersen, I.; Walters, K.; Osborn, D.P.J. Prescribing of antipsychotics in UK primary care: A cohort study. BMJ Open, 2014, 4(12), e006135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006135] [PMID: 25524544]
[159]
Olfson, M.; King, M.; Schoenbaum, M. Antipsychotic treatment of adults in the United States. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2015, 76(10), 1346-1353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09863] [PMID: 26528641]
[160]
Montejo, Á.L.; Majadas, S.; Mayoral, F.; Sanjuán, J.; Ros, S.; Olivares, J.M.; Gonzalez-Torres, M.A.; Bousoño, M. Analysis of prescription patterns of antipsychotic agents in psychiatry. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr., 2006, 34(5), 323-329.
[PMID: 16991021]
[161]
Lind, K.E.; Raban, M.Z.; Georgiou, A.; Westbrook, J.I. Duration of antipsychotic medication use by aged care facility residents with dementia. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 2019, 33(4), 331-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000336] [PMID: 31343414]
[162]
Mast, G.; Fernandes, K.; Tadrous, M.; Martins, D.; Herrmann, N.; Gomes, T. Persistence of antipsychotic treatment in elderly dementia patients: A retrospective, population-based cohort study. Drugs Real World Outcomes, 2016, 3(2), 175-182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40801-016-0073-6] [PMID: 27398296]
[163]
Lin, Y-T.; Hwang, T-J.; Shan, J-C.; Chiang, H-L.; Sheu, Y-H.; Hwu, H-G. Dosage and duration of antipsychotic treatment in demented outpatients with agitation or psychosis. J. Formos. Med. Assoc., 2015, 114(2), 147-153.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2012.09.002] [PMID: 25678176]
[164]
Kamble, P.; Chen, H.; Sherer, J.T.; Aparasu, R.R. Use of antipsychotics among elderly nursing home residents with dementia in the US: An analysis of National Survey Data. Drugs Aging, 2009, 26(6), 483-492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200926060-00005] [PMID: 19591523]
[165]
Andreea, T.; Petru, I.; Miron, A.A.; Paula-Simina, P.; Lorena, D. Clozapine for treatment-refractory aggressive behavior. Psychiatr. Q., 2021, 92(2), 721-733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09839-x] [PMID: 32918660]
[166]
Rios, S.; Perlman, C.M.; Costa, A.; Heckman, G.; Hirdes, J.P.; Mitchell, L. Antipsychotics and dementia in Canada: A retrospective cross-sectional study of four health sectors. BMC Geriatr., 2017, 17(1), 244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0636-8] [PMID: 29061129]
[167]
Kim, S.; Choi, H.; Yoo, J.; Kim, S.; Kim, B-S.; Choi, H. Factors correlated with initiating antipsychotics among dementia patients in Korean long-term care facilities: National health insurance service-senior cohort (2002-2013). J Clin Gerontol Geriatr, 2017, 8, 114-122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.24816/jcgg.2017.v8i4.03]
[168]
Phillips, L.J.; Birtley, N.M.; Petroski, G.F.; Siem, C.; Rantz, M. An observational study of antipsychotic medication use among long-stay nursing home residents without qualifying diagnoses. J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs., 2018, 25(8), 463-474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12488] [PMID: 29911331]
[169]
Shulman, R.W.; Singh, A.; Shulman, K.I. Treatment of elderly institutionalized bipolar patients with clozapine. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 1997, 33(1), 113-118.
[PMID: 9133761]
[170]
Madhusoodanan, S.; Brenner, R.; Araujo, L.; Abaza, A. Efficacy of risperidone treatment for psychoses associated with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or senile dementia in 11 geriatric patients: A case series. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1995, 56(11), 514-518.
[PMID: 7592504]
[171]
Yang, C-H.; Tsai, S-J.; Hwang, J-P. The efficacy and safety of quetiapine for treatment of geriatric psychosis. J. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 19(6), 661-666.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881105056669] [PMID: 16272189]
[172]
Sajatovic, M.; Dines, P.; Fuentes-Casiano, E.; Athey, M.; Cassidy, K.A.; Sams, J.; Clegg, K.; Locala, J.; Stagno, S.; Tatsuoka, C. Asenapine in the treatment of older adults with bipolar disorder. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2015, 30(7), 710-719.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4213] [PMID: 25335125]
[173]
Baruch, Y.; Tadger, S.; Plopski, I.; Barak, Y. Asenapine for elderly bipolar manic patients. J. Affect. Disord., 2013, 145(1), 130-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.027] [PMID: 22877962]
[174]
Schneider, L.S.; Pollock, V.E.; Lyness, S.A. A metaanalysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 1990, 38(5), 553-563.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb02407.x] [PMID: 1970586]
[175]
Yury, C.A.; Fisher, J.E. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of behavioural problems in persons with dementia. Psychother. Psychosom., 2007, 76(4), 213-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000101499] [PMID: 17570959]
[176]
Schneider, L.S.; Dagerman, K.; Insel, P.S. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: Meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2006, 14(3), 191-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000200589.01396.6d] [PMID: 16505124]
[177]
Yunusa, I.; Alsumali, A.; Garba, A.E.; Regestein, Q.R.; Eguale, T. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open, 2019, 2(3), e190828.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0828] [PMID: 30901041]
[178]
Sultzer, D.L.; Davis, S.M.; Tariot, P.N.; Dagerman, K.S.; Lebowitz, B.D.; Lyketsos, C.G.; Rosenheck, R.A.; Hsiao, J.K.; Lieberman, J.A.; Schneider, L.S. Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer’s disease: Phase 1 outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 165(7), 844-854.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779] [PMID: 18519523]
[179]
Schneider, L.S.; Tariot, P.N.; Dagerman, K.S.; Davis, S.M.; Hsiao, J.K.; Ismail, M.S.; Lebowitz, B.D.; Lyketsos, C.G.; Ryan, J.M.; Stroup, T.S.; Sultzer, D.L.; Weintraub, D.; Lieberman, J.A. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 355(15), 1525-1538.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061240] [PMID: 17035647]
[180]
Dennis, M.; Shine, L.; John, A.; Marchant, A.; McGregor, J.; Lyons, R.A.; Brophy, S. Risk of adverse outcomes for older people with dementia prescribed antipsychotic medication: A population based e-cohort study. Neurol. Ther., 2017, 6(1), 57-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40120-016-0060-6] [PMID: 28054240]
[181]
Schmedt, N.; Garbe, E. Antipsychotic drug use and the risk of venous thromboembolism in elderly patients with dementia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2013, 33(6), 753-758.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182a412d5] [PMID: 24052055]
[182]
Chan, M-C.; Chong, C.S-Y.; Wu, A.Y-K.; Wong, K-C.; Dunn, E.L-W.; Tang, O.W-N.; Chan, W.F. Antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular events in treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in Hong Kong: A hospital-based, retrospective, cohort study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2010, 25(4), 362-370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2347] [PMID: 19650162]
[183]
Tapiainen, V.; Lavikainen, P.; Koponen, M.; Taipale, H.; Tanskanen, A.; Tiihonen, J.; Hartikainen, S.; Tolppanen, A.M. The risk of head injuries associated with antipsychotic use among persons with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2020, 68(3), 595-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16275] [PMID: 31912482]
[184]
Hunt, N.; Silverstone, T. Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder: A catchment area study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1991, 6(1), 45-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199100610-00006] [PMID: 1677020]
[185]
Smith, J.M.; Baldessarini, R.J. Changes in prevalence, severity, and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1980, 37(12), 1368-1373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780250054006] [PMID: 6108750]
[186]
Straker, D.; Correll, C.U.; Kramer-Ginsberg, E.; Abdulhamid, N.; Koshy, F.; Rubens, E.; Saint-Vil, R.; Kane, J.M.; Manu, P. Cost-effective screening for the metabolic syndrome in patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic medications. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2005, 162(6), 1217-1221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1217] [PMID: 15930076]
[187]
Food and Drug Administration. Public Health Advisory: Deaths with Antipsychotics in Elderly Patients with Behavioral Disturbances; Food Drug Adm Silver Spring: MD, 2005.
[188]
Food and Drugs Administration. Information on Conventional Antipsychotics; Food Drug Adm Silver Spring: MD, 2008.
[189]
Schneeweiss, S.; Setoguchi, S.; Brookhart, A.; Dormuth, C.; Wang, P.S. Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ, 2007, 176(5), 627-632.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.061250] [PMID: 17325327]
[190]
Gill, S.S.; Bronskill, S.E.; Normand, S.L.T.; Anderson, G.M.; Sykora, K.; Lam, K.; Bell, C.M.; Lee, P.E.; Fischer, H.D.; Herrmann, N.; Gurwitz, J.H.; Rochon, P.A. Antipsychotic drug use and mortality in older adults with dementia. Ann. Intern. Med., 2007, 146(11), 775-786.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-11-200706050-00006] [PMID: 17548409]
[191]
Kales, H.C.; Kim, H.M.; Zivin, K.; Valenstein, M.; Seyfried, L.S.; Chiang, C.; Cunningham, F.; Schneider, L.S.; Blow, F.C. Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2012, 169(1), 71-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030347] [PMID: 22193526]
[192]
Szmulewicz, A.G.; Ferraris, A.; Rodriguez, A.; Cervera, L.C.; Gonzalez, M.L.; Man, F.; Angriman, F.; Martino, D. All-cause mortality in older adults with affective disorders and dementia under treatment with antipsychotic drugs: A matched-cohort study. Psychiatry Res., 2018, 265, 82-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.034] [PMID: 29702305]
[193]
Schmedt, N.; Jobski, K.; Kollhorst, B.; Krappweis, J.; Rüther, E.; Schink, T.; Garbe, E. Treatment patterns and characteristics of older antipsychotic users in Germany. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2016, 31(3), 159-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000119] [PMID: 26871678]
[194]
Neville, C.; Beccaria, L.; Carey, M. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Issues Ment. Health Nurs., 2020, 41(2), 176-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1635669] [PMID: 31545664]
[195]
Brodaty, H.; Aerts, L.; Harrison, F.; Jessop, T.; Cations, M.; Chenoweth, L.; Shell, A.; Popovic, G.C.; Heffernan, M.; Hilmer, S.; Sachdev, P.S.; Draper, B. Antipsychotic deprescription for older adults in long-term care: The HALT study. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc., 2018, 19(7), 592-600.e7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.05.002] [PMID: 29941156]
[196]
McDonald, W.M. Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of geriatric mania. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2000, 61(Suppl. 13), 3-11.
[PMID: 11153809]
[197]
Marcinkowska, M.; Śniecikowska, J.; Fajkis, N.; Paśko, P.; Franczyk, W.; Kołaczkowski, M. Management of dementia-related psychosis, agitation and aggression: A review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of potential drug candidates. CNS Drugs, 2020, 34(3), 243-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00707-7] [PMID: 32052375]
[198]
Steinberg, M. Update on pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Curr. Geriatr. Rep., 2021, 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13670-021-00356-8]
[199]
Meyer, J.P.; Swetter, S.K.; Kellner, C.H. Electroconvulsive therapy in geriatric psychiatry: A selective review. Clin. Geriatr. Med., 2020, 36(2), 265-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.11.007] [PMID: 32222301]
[200]
Rao, V.; Lyketsos, C.G. The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2000, 15(8), 729-735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200008)15:8<729:AID-GPS193>3.0.CO;2-A] [PMID: 10960885]
[201]
Mulsant, B.H.; Rosen, J.; Thornton, J.E.; Zubenko, G.S. A prospective naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., 1991, 4(1), 3-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089198879100400102] [PMID: 2054049]
[202]
Hausner, L.; Damian, M.; Sartorius, A.; Frölich, L. Efficacy and cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depressed elderly inpatients with coexisting mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2011, 72(1), 91-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m05973gry] [PMID: 21208587]
[203]
Paul, S.; Goetz, J.; Bennett, J.; Korah, T. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for comorbid frontotemporal dementia with bipolar disorder. Case Rep. Psychiatry, 2013, 2013, 124719.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/124719] [PMID: 23762719]
[204]
Obiora, O.; McCormick, L.M.; Karim, Y.; Gonzales, P.; Beeghly, J. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with multiple system atrophy and bipolar disorder. J. ECT, 2012, 28(2), e1-e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0b013e31824b64d7] [PMID: 22622294]
[205]
Liang, R.A.; Lam, R.W.; Ancill, R.J. ECT in the treatment of mixed depression and dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry, 1988, 152, 281-284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.2.281] [PMID: 3167352]
[206]
Akiskal, H.S.; Akiskal, K.K. A mixed state core for melancholia: An exploration in history, art and clinical science. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl., 2007, 115(433), 44-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00962.x] [PMID: 17280570]
[207]
Weintraub, D.; Lippmann, S.B. ECT for major depression and mania with advanced dementia. J. ECT, 2001, 17(1), 65-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124509-200103000-00014] [PMID: 11281520]
[208]
Porquez, J.M.; Thompson, T.R.; McDonald, W.M. Administration of ECT in a patient with an inoperable abdominal aortic aneurysm: Serial imaging of the aorta during maintenance. J. ECT, 2003, 19(2), 118-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124509-200306000-00012] [PMID: 12792463]
[209]
McDonald, W.M.; Thompson, T.R. Treatment of mania in dementia with electroconvulsive therapy. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 2001, 35(2), 72-82.
[PMID: 12397888]
[210]
van den Berg, J.F.; Kruithof, H.C.; Kok, R.M.; Verwijk, E.; Spaans, H.P. Electroconvulsive therapy for agitation and aggression in dementia: A systematic review. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2018, 26(4), 419-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.09.023] [PMID: 29107460]
[211]
Hermida, A.P.; Tang, Y.L.; Glass, O.; Janjua, A.U.; McDonald, W.M. Efficacy and safety of ECT for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): A retrospective chart review. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2020, 28(2), 157-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2019.09.008] [PMID: 31668364]
[212]
Sackeim, H.A.; Prudic, J.; Nobler, M.S.; Fitzsimons, L.; Lisanby, S.H.; Payne, N.; Berman, R.M.; Brakemeier, E.L.; Perera, T.; Devanand, D.P. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul., 2008, 1(2), 71-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2008.03.001] [PMID: 19756236]
[213]
Matthews, J.D.; Blais, M.; Park, L.; Welch, C.; Baity, M.; Murakami, J.; Sklarsky, K.; Homberger, C.; Fava, M. The impact of galantamine on cognition and mood during electroconvulsive therapy: A pilot study. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2008, 42(7), 526-531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.06.002] [PMID: 17681545]
[214]
van Schaik, A.M.; Rhebergen, D.; Henstra, M.J.; Kadouch, D.J.; van Exel, E.; Stek, M.L. Cognitive impairment and electroconvulsive therapy in geriatric depression, what could be the role of rivastigmine? A case series. Clin. Pract., 2015, 5(3), 780.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/cp.2015.780] [PMID: 26664715]
[215]
Matthews, J.D.; Siefert, C.J.; Blais, M.A.; Park, L.T.; Siefert, C.J.; Welch, C.A.; Dubois, C.M.; van Nieuwenhuizen, A.O.; Rooney, K.O.; Seabrook, R.C.; Durham, L.E.; Adams, H.C.; Fava, M. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the impact of galantamine on anterograde memory impairment during electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT, 2013, 29(3), 170-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0b013e31828b3523] [PMID: 23519225]
[216]
Prakash, J.; Kotwal, A.; Prabhu, H. Therapeutic and prophylactic utility of the memory-enhancing drug donepezil hydrochloride on cognition of patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy: A randomized controlled trial. J. ECT, 2006, 22(3), 163-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yct.0000230365.81368.2d] [PMID: 16957530]
[217]
Prince, M.J.; Guerchet, M.M.; Prina, M. The epidemiology and impact of dementia-current state and future trends. WHO Thematic Briefing, 2015, hal-03517019.
[218]
Lyketsos, C.G.; Lopez, O.; Jones, B.; Fitzpatrick, A.L.; Breitner, J.; DeKosky, S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA, 2002, 288(12), 1475-1483.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1475] [PMID: 12243634]
[219]
Peters, M.E.; Schwartz, S.; Han, D.; Rabins, P.V.; Steinberg, M.; Tschanz, J.T.; Lyketsos, C.G. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as predictors of progression to severe Alzheimer’s dementia and death: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2015, 172(5), 460-465.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040480] [PMID: 25585033]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
78
2
Wayfinder Image
TIMBC 2025
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy