Login Register Cart 0
Current Neuropharmacology

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Optimization of Therapy in Patients with Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidities: Key Points

Author(s): Francesco Pisani, Laura Rosa Pisani, Maria Antonietta Barbieri, Jose de Leon and Edoardo Spina*

Volume 21, Issue 8, 2023

Published on: 27 July, 2022

Page: [1755 - 1766] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X20666220526144314

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Psychiatric disorder comorbidity in patients with epilepsy (PWE) is very frequent with a mean percentage prevalence of up to 50% and even higher. Such a high frequency suggests that epilepsy and psychiatric disorders might share common pathological pathways. Various aspects contribute in making the matter very complex from a therapeutic point of view. Some antiseizure medications (ASMs), namely valproic acid, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine, have mood-stabilising effects and are routinely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder in patients who do not have epilepsy. Pregabalin and, to a lesser extent, gabapentin, exerts anxiolytic effects. However, several ASMs, in particular levetiracetam, topiramate, and perampanel, may contribute to psychiatric disorders, including depression, aggressive behaviour, and even psychosis. If these ASMs are prescribed, the patient should be monitored closely. A careful selection should be made also with psychotropic drugs. Although most of these can be safely used at therapeutic doses, bupropion, some tricyclic antidepressants, maprotiline, and clozapine may alter seizure threshold and facilitate epileptic seizures. Interactions between ASMs and psychotropic medication may make it difficult to predict individual response. Pharmacokinetic interactions can be assessed with drug monitoring and are consequently much better documented than pharmacodynamic interactions. Another aspect that needs a careful evaluation is patient adherence to treatment. Prevalence of non-adherence in PWE and psychiatric comorbidities is reported to reach values even higher than 70%. A careful evaluation of all these aspects contributes in optimizing therapy with a positive impact on seizure control, psychiatric wellbeing, and quality of life.

Keywords: Epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, antiseizure medications, drug interactions, seizure threshold, adherence.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract illustrating key findings of the study

[1]
Lu, E.; Pyatka, N.; Burant, C.J.; Sajatovic, M. Systematic literature review of psychiatric comorbidities in adults with epilepsy. J. Clin. Neurol., 2021, 17(2), 176-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.176] [PMID: 33835737]
[2]
Gurgu, R.S.; Ciobanu, A.M.; Danasel, R.I.; Panea, C.A. Psychiatric comorbidities in adult patients with epilepsy (A systematic review). Exp. Ther. Med., 2021, 22(2), 909.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10341] [PMID: 34249153]
[3]
Jansen, C.; Francomme, L.; Vignal, J-P.; Jacquot, C.; Schwan, R.; Tyvaert, L.; Maillard, L.; Hingray, C. Interictal psychiatric comorbidities of drug-resistant focal epilepsy: Prevalence and influence of the localization of the epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2019, 94, 288-296.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.046] [PMID: 30429057]
[4]
Mula, M.; Kanner, A.M.; Jetté, N.; Sander, J.W. Psychiatric comorbidities in people with epilepsy. Neurol. Clin. Pract., 2021, 11(2), e112-e120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000874] [PMID: 33842079]
[5]
Gaitatzis, A.; Trimble, M.R.; Sander, J.W. The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2004, 110(4), 207-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00324.x] [PMID: 15355484]
[6]
Vinti, V.; Dell’Isola, G.B.; Tascini, G.; Mencaroni, E.; Cara, G.D.; Striano, P.; Verrotti, A. Temporal lobe epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity. Front. Neurol., 2021, 12, 775781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.775781] [PMID: 34917019]
[7]
Hansen, B.H.; Alfstad, K.Å.; van Roy, B.; Henning, O.; Lossius, M.I. Sleep problems in children and adolescents with epilepsy: Associations with psychiatric comorbidity. Epilepsy Behav., 2016, 62, 14-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.06.015] [PMID: 27448238]
[8]
Ekinci, O.; Titus, J.B.; Rodopman, A.A.; Berkem, M.; Trevathan, E. Depression and anxiety in children and adolescents with epilepsy: Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment. Epilepsy Behav., 2009, 14(1), 8-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.08.015] [PMID: 18804186]
[9]
Shi, Y.; Wang, S.; Ying, J.; Zhang, M.; Liu, P.; Zhang, H.; Sun, J. Correlates of perceived stigma for people living with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 70(Pt A), 198-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.02.022] [PMID: 28431368]
[10]
Hesdorffer, D.C.; Ishihara, L.; Mynepalli, L.; Webb, D.J.; Weil, J.; Hauser, W.A. Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: A bidirectional association. Ann. Neurol., 2012, 72(2), 184-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.23601] [PMID: 22887468]
[11]
Mula, M. Epilepsy: Bidirectional link between epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2012, 8(5), 252-253.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.69] [PMID: 22508232]
[12]
Kanner, A.M.; Ribot, R.; Mazarati, A. Bidirectional relations among common psychiatric and neurologic comorbidities and epilepsy: Do they have an impact on the course of the seizure disorder? Epilepsia Open, 2018, 3(Suppl)(Suppl. 2), 210-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12278] [PMID: 30564780]
[13]
Chen, Z.; Lusicic, A.; O’Brien, T.J.; Velakoulis, D.; Adams, S.J.; Kwan, P. Psychotic disorders induced by antiepileptic drugs in people with epilepsy. Brain, 2016, 139(Pt 10), 2668-2678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww196] [PMID: 27503872]
[14]
Chen, Z.; Brodie, M.J.; Liew, D.; Kwan, P. Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs a 30-year longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurol., 2018, 75(3), 279-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3949] [PMID: 29279892]
[15]
Pisani, L.R.; Nikanorova, M.; Landmark, C.J.; Johannessen, S.I.; Pisani, F. Specific patient features affect antiepileptic drug therapy decisions: Focus on gender, age, and psychiatric comorbidities. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017, 23(37), 5639-5648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170926103631] [PMID: 28950817]
[16]
Wu, C.S.; Wang, S.C.; Yeh, I.J.; Liu, S.K. Comparative risk of seizure with use of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, 2016, 77(5), e573-e579.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09898] [PMID: 27249081]
[17]
Johannessen Landmark, C.; Henning, O.; Johannessen, S.I. Proconvulsant effects of antidepressants - What is the current evidence? Epilepsy Behav., 2016, 61, 287-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.029] [PMID: 26926001]
[18]
Steinert, T.; Fröscher, W. Epileptic seizures under antidepressive drug treatment: Systematic review. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2018, 51(4), 121-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-117962] [PMID: 28850959]
[19]
Khoury, R.; Ghossoub, E. Antipsychotics and seizures: What are the risks? Curr. Psychiatr., 2019, 18, 21-33.
[20]
Detyniecki, K. Do psychotropic drugs cause epileptic seizures? A review of the available evidence. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci., 2022, 55, 267-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_226] [PMID: 34241816]
[21]
O’ Rourke, G.; O’ Brien, J.J. Identifying the barriers to antiepileptic drug adherence among adults with epilepsy. Seizure, 2017, 45, 160-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.006] [PMID: 28063375]
[22]
Farooq, S.; Naeem, F. Tackling nonadherence in psychiatric disorders: Current opinion. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2014, 10, 1069-1077.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S40777] [PMID: 24966677]
[23]
Kleinsinger, F. The unmet challenge of medication nonadherence. Perm. J., 2018, 22, 18-033.
[PMID: 30005722]
[24]
Taggart Wasson, L.; Shaffer, J.A.; Edmondson, D.; Bring, R.; Brondolo, E.; Falzon, L.; Konrad, B.; Kronish, I.M. Posttraumatic stress disorder and nonadherence to medications prescribed for chronic medical conditions: A meta-analysis. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2018, 102, 102-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.013] [PMID: 29631190]
[25]
Quon, R.J.; Mazanec, M.T.; Schmidt, S.S.; Andrew, A.S.; Roth, R.M.; MacKenzie, T.A.; Sajatovic, M.; Spruill, T.; Jobst, B.C. Antiepileptic drug effects on subjective and objective cognition. Epilepsy Behav., 2020, 104(Pt A), 106906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.106906] [PMID: 32006792]
[26]
Ziad, A.; Berr, C.; Ruiz, F.; Bégaud, B.; Lemogne, C.; Goldberg, M.; Zins, M.; Mura, T. Anticholinergic activity of psychotropic drugs and cognitive impairment among participants aged 45 and over: The CONSTANCES study. Drug Saf., 2021, 44(5), 565-579.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01043-5] [PMID: 33575980]
[27]
Salpekar, J.A.; Mula, M. Common psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy: How big of a problem is it? Epilepsy Behav., 2019, 98(Pt B), 293-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.07.023] [PMID: 30149996]
[28]
Michaelis, R.; Schlömer, S.; Lindemann, A.; Behrens, V.; Grönheit, W.; Pertz, M.; Rammé, S.; Seidel, S.; Wehner, T.; Wellmer, J.; Schlegel, U.; Popkirov, S. Screening for psychiatric comorbidities and psychotherapeutic assessment in inpatient epilepsy care: Preliminary results of an implementation study. Front. Integr. Nuerosci., 2021, 15, 754613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2021.754613] [PMID: 34712125]
[29]
Rocamora, R.; Chavarría, B.; Pérez, E.; Pérez-Enríquez, C.; Barguilla, A.; Panadés-de Oliveira, L.; Principe, A.; Zucca, R. Mood disturbances, anxiety, and impact on quality of life in patients admitted to epilepsy monitoring units. Front. Neurol., 2021, 12, 761239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.761239] [PMID: 34777230]
[30]
Bragatti, J.A.; Torres, C.M.; Londero, R.G.; Assmann, J.B.; Fontana, V.; Martin, K.C.; Hidalgo, M.P.; Chaves, M.L.; Bianchin, M.M. Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy: the value of structured psychiatric interviews. Epileptic Disord., 2010, 12(4), 283-291.
[PMID: 21112827]
[31]
de Araújo Filho, G.M.; Tarifa, B.; Santos, R.E.; de Oliveira Dias, A.L.; Ulliano, J.R.L.; Marques, L.H.N. Clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with interictal dysphoric disorder and interictal personality in patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: A controlled study. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 69, 100-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.021] [PMID: 28236724]
[32]
Paiva, M.L.; Lima, E.M.; Siqueira, I.B.; Rzezak, P.; Koike, C.; Moschetta, S.P.; Vincentiis, S.; Alessi, R.; Khafif, T.C.; Mendoza, M.; Valente, K.D. Seizure control and anxiety: Which factor plays a major role in social adjustment in patients with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy? Seizure, 2020, 80, 234-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.06.033] [PMID: 32663782]
[33]
Alonso, N.B.; de Albuquerque, M.; Vidal-Dourado, M.; Cavicchioli, L.H.; Mazetto, L.; de Araújo Filho, G.M.; de Figueiredo Ferreira Guilhoto, L.M.; Centeno, R.S.; Yacubian, E.M.T. Revisiting personality in epilepsy: Differentiation of personality in two epilepsies starting in adolescence. Epilepsy Behav., 2019, 97, 75-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.05.004] [PMID: 31195327]
[34]
Safarpour Lima, B.; Zokaei, A.; Assarzadegan, F.; Hesami, O.; Zareh Shahamati, S. Prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with epilepsy: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Epilepsy Behav., 2021, 114(Pt A), 107635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107635] [PMID: 33309236]
[35]
Gaus, V.; Kiep, H.; Holtkamp, M.; Burkert, S.; Kendel, F. Gender differences in depression, but not in anxiety in people with epilepsy. Seizure, 2015, 32, 37-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2015.07.012] [PMID: 26552559]
[36]
Liu, Z.; Yin, R.; Fan, Z.; Fan, H.; Wu, H.; Shen, B.; Wu, S.; Kuang, F. Gender differences in associated and predictive factors of anxiety and depression in people with epilepsy. Front. Psychiatry, 2020, 11, 670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00670] [PMID: 32754069]
[37]
Alsaadi, T.; Kassie, S.; El Hammasi, K.; Shahrour, T.M.; Shakra, M.; Turkawi, L.; Nasreddine, W.; Raoof, M. Potential factors impacting health-related quality of life among patients with epilepsy: Results from the United Arab Emirates. Seizure, 2017, 53, 13-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2017.10.017] [PMID: 29096164]
[38]
Daoud, S.; Belghuith, S.; Farhat, N.; Sakka, S. Factors influencing on quality of life in patients with epilepsy (4588). Neurology, 2021, 96, 4588.
[39]
Tao, G.; Auvrez, C.; Nightscales, R.; Barnard, S.; McCartney, L.; Malpas, C.B.; Perucca, P.; Chen, Z.; Adams, S.; McIntosh, A.; Ignatiadis, S.; O’Brien, P.; Cook, M.J.; Kwan, P.; Berkovic, S.F.; D’Souza, W.; Velakoulis, D.; O’Brien, T.J. Association between psychiatric comorbidities and mortality in epilepsy. Neurol. Clin. Pract., 2021, 11(5), 429-437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001114] [PMID: 34824893]
[40]
Scott, A.J.; Sharpe, L.; Thayer, Z.; Miller, L.A.; Nikpour, A.; Parratt, K.; Wong, T.; Gandy, M. How frequently is anxiety and depression identified and treated in hospital and community samples of adults with epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav., 2021, 115, 107703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107703] [PMID: 33423019]
[41]
Ettinger, A.B. Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology, 2006, 67(11), 1916-1925.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000247045.85646.c0] [PMID: 17159095]
[42]
Mula, M.; Sander, J.W. Negative effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood in patients with epilepsy. Drug Saf., 2007, 30(7), 555-567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200730070-00001] [PMID: 17604407]
[43]
Piedad, J.; Rickards, H.; Besag, F.M.C.; Cavanna, A.E. Beneficial and adverse psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy: A summary of prevalence, underlying mechanisms and data limitations. CNS Drugs, 2012, 26(4), 319-335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11599780-000000000-00000] [PMID: 22393904]
[44]
Chen, B.; Choi, H.; Hirsch, L.J.; Katz, A.; Legge, A.; Buchsbaum, R.; Detyniecki, K. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 76, 24-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.039] [PMID: 28931473]
[45]
Mula, M. Investigating psychotropic properties of antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2013, 13(6), 639-646.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ern.13.57] [PMID: 23739001]
[46]
Perucca, P.; Mula, M. Antiepileptic drug effects on mood and behavior: Molecular targets. Epilepsy Behav., 2013, 26(3), 440-449.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.09.018] [PMID: 23092694]
[47]
Löscher, W.; Klein, P. The pharmacology and clinical efficacy of antiseizure medications: From bromide salts to cenobamate and beyond. CNS Drugs, 2021, 35(9), 935-963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-021-00827-8] [PMID: 34145528]
[48]
Bialer, M. Why are antiepileptic drugs used for nonepileptic conditions? Epilepsia, 2012, 53(Suppl. 7), 26-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03712.x] [PMID: 23153207]
[49]
Spina, E.; Perugi, G. Antiepileptic drugs: Indications other than epilepsy. Epileptic Disord., 2004, 6(2), 57-75.
[PMID: 15246950]
[50]
Johannessen, L.C. Antiepileptic drugs in non-epilepsy disorders: Relations between mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy. CNS Drugs, 2008, 22(1), 27-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822010-00003] [PMID: 18072813]
[51]
Grunze, H.C.R. Anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder. J. Ment. Health, 2010, 19(2), 127-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638230903469186] [PMID: 20433321]
[52]
Nestsiarovich, A.; Gaudiot, C.E.S.; Baldessarini, R.J.; Vieta, E.; Zhu, Y.; Tohen, M. Preventing new episodes of bipolar disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2022, 54, 75-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.08.264] [PMID: 34489127]
[53]
Yildiz, A.; Nikodem, M.; Vieta, E.; Correll, C.U.; Baldessarini, R.J. A network meta-analysis on comparative efficacy and all-cause discontinuation of antimanic treatments in acute bipolar mania. Psychol. Med., 2015, 45(2), 299-317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001305] [PMID: 25036226]
[54]
Hashimoto, Y.; Kotake, K.; Watanabe, N.; Fujiwara, T.; Sakamoto, S. Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2021, 9, CD013575.
[PMID: 34523118]
[55]
Bahji, A.; Ermacora, D.; Stephenson, C.; Hawken, E.R.; Vazquez, G. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord., 2020, 269, 154-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.030] [PMID: 32339131]
[56]
Verdolini, N.; Hidalgo-Mazzei, D.; Del Matto, L.; Muscas, M.; Pacchiarotti, I.; Murru, A.; Samalin, L.; Aedo, A.; Tohen, M.; Grunze, H.; Young, A.H.; Carvalho, A.F.; Vieta, E. Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder type I: A systematic and critical review of clinical guidelines with derived practice algorithms. Bipolar Disord., 2021, 23(4), 324-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.13040] [PMID: 33354842]
[57]
Greenblatt, H.K.; Greenblatt, D.J. Gabapentin and pregabalin for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev., 2018, 7(3), 228-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.446] [PMID: 29579375]
[58]
Baldwin, D.S.; den Boer, J.A.; Lyndon, G.; Emir, B.; Schweizer, E.; Haswell, H. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in generalised anxiety disorder: A critical review of the literature. J. Psychopharmacol., 2015, 29(10), 1047-1060.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881115598411] [PMID: 26259772]
[59]
Slee, A.; Nazareth, I.; Bondaronek, P.; Liu, Y.; Cheng, Z.; Freemantle, N. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet, 2019, 393(10173), 768-777.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31793-8] [PMID: 30712879]
[60]
Eddy, C.M.; Rickards, H.E.; Cavanna, A.E. Behavioral adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2012, 32(3), 362-375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318253a186] [PMID: 22544012]
[61]
Mula, M.; Sander, J.W. Suicide and epilepsy: Do antiepileptic drugs increase the risk? Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2015, 14(4), 553-558.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2015.1010506] [PMID: 25645424]
[62]
Perucca, P.; Gilliam, F.G. Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol., 2012, 11(9), 792-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70153-9] [PMID: 22832500]
[63]
Stephen, L.J.; Wishart, A.; Brodie, M.J. Psychiatric side effects and antiepileptic drugs: Observations from prospective audits. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 71(Pt A), 73-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.04.003] [PMID: 28551500]
[64]
Food and Drug Administration. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. 2008.
[65]
Food and Drug Administration. Information for healthcare professionals: Suicidal behaviour and ideation and antiepileptic drugs. 2008.
[66]
Hesdorffer, D.C.; Kanner, A.M. The FDA alert on suicidality and antiepileptic drugs: Fire or false alarm? Epilepsia, 2009, 50(5), 978-986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02012.x] [PMID: 19496806]
[67]
Hesdorffer, D.C.; Berg, A.T.; Kanner, A.M. An update on antiepileptic drugs and suicide: Are there definitive answers yet? Epilepsy Curr., 2010, 10(6), 137-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2010.01382.x] [PMID: 21157540]
[68]
Mula, M.; Kanner, A.M.; Schmitz, B.; Schachter, S. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality: An expert consensus statement from the Task Force on Therapeutic Strategies of the ILAE Commission on Neuropsychobiology. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(1), 199-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03688.x] [PMID: 22994856]
[69]
Andersohn, F.; Schade, R.; Willich, S.N.; Garbe, E. Use of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy and the risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior. Neurology, 2010, 75(4), 335-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ea157e] [PMID: 20660863]
[70]
Patorno, E.; Bohn, R.L.; Wahl, P.M.; Avorn, J.; Patrick, A.R.; Liu, J.; Schneeweiss, S. Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death. JAMA, 2010, 303(14), 1401-1409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.410] [PMID: 20388896]
[71]
Arana, A.; Wentworth, C.E.; Ayuso-Mateos, J.L.; Arellano, F.M. Suicide-related events in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs. N. Engl. J. Med., 2010, 363(6), 542-551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909801] [PMID: 20818889]
[72]
Olesen, J.B.; Hansen, P.R.; Erdal, J.; Abildstrøm, S.Z.; Weeke, P.; Fosbøl, E.L.; Poulsen, H.E.; Gislason, G.H. Antiepileptic drugs and risk of suicide: A nationwide study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 2010, 19(5), 518-524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1932] [PMID: 20235081]
[73]
Klein, P.; Devinsky, O.; French, J.; Harden, C.; Krauss, G.L.; McCarter, R.; Sperling, M.R. Suicidality risk of newer antiseizure medications. JAMA Neurol., 2021, 78(9), 1118-1127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2480] [PMID: 34338718]
[74]
Bell, G.S.; Gaitatzis, A.; Bell, C.L.; Johnson, A.L.; Sander, J.W. Suicide in people with epilepsy: How great is the risk? Epilepsia, 2009, 50(8), 1933-1942.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02106.x] [PMID: 19453718]
[75]
Abraham, N.; Buvanaswari, P.; Rathakrishnan, R.; Tran, B.X.; Thu, G.V.; Nguyen, L.H.; Ho, C.S.; Ho, R.C. A meta-analysis of the rates of suicide ideation, attempts and deaths in people with epilepsy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019, 16(8), 1451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081451] [PMID: 31022891]
[76]
Adachi, N.; Fenwick, P.; Akanuma, N.; Hara, K.; Ishii, R.; Okazaki, M.; Ito, M.; Sekimoto, M.; Kato, M.; Onuma, T. Increased frequency of psychosis after second-generation antiepileptic drug administration in adults with focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2019, 97, 138-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.06.002] [PMID: 31252268]
[77]
Weintraub, D.; Buchsbaum, R.; Resor, S.R., Jr; Hirsch, L.J. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of the newer antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2007, 10(1), 105-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.08.008] [PMID: 17079191]
[78]
Mula, M.; Trimble, M.R. The importance of being seizure free: Topiramate and psychopathology in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2003, 4(4), 430-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00145-8] [PMID: 12899865]
[79]
Mula, M.; Trimble, M.R.; Sander, J.W.A.S. Psychiatric adverse events in patients with epilepsy and learning disabilities taking levetiracetam. Seizure, 2004, 13(1), 55-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1059-1311(03)00111-0] [PMID: 14741183]
[80]
Hansen, C.C.; Ljung, H.; Brodtkorb, E.; Reimers, A. Mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior induced by antiepileptic drugs: Focus on topiramate, levetiracetam, and perampanel. Behav. Neurol., 2018, 2018, 2064027.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2064027] [PMID: 30581496]
[81]
Steinhoff, B.J.; Klein, P.; Klitgaard, H.; Laloyaux, C.; Moseley, B.D.; Ricchetti-Masterson, K.; Rosenow, F.; Sirven, J.I.; Smith, B.; Stern, J.M.; Toledo, M.; Zipfel, P.A.; Villanueva, V. Behavioral adverse events with brivaracetam, levetiracetam, perampanel, and topiramate: A systematic review. Epilepsy Behav., 2021, 118, 107939.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107939] [PMID: 33839453]
[82]
Mammì, A.; Ferlazzo, E.; Gasparini, S.; Bova, V.; Neri, S.; Labate, A.; Mastroianni, G.; Bianco, C.L.; Cianci, V.; Aguglia, U. Psychiatric and behavioural side rffects associated with perampanel in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. A real-world experience. Front. Neurol., 2022, 13, 839985.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.839985] [PMID: 35321512]
[83]
Eddy, C.M.; Rickards, H.E.; Cavanna, A.E. The cognitive impact of antiepileptic drugs. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord., 2011, 4(6), 385-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756285611417920] [PMID: 22164192]
[84]
Witt, J.A.; Helmstaedter, C. How can we overcome neuropsychological adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs? Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2017, 18(6), 551-554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2017.1309025] [PMID: 28303728]
[85]
Besag, F.M.C.; Vasey, M.J. Neurocognitive effects of antiseizure medications in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Paediatr. Drugs, 2021, 23(3), 253-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40272-021-00448-0] [PMID: 33956338]
[86]
Mann, A.M.; Catterson, A.G.; MacPherson, A.S. Toxicity of imipramine: Report on serious side effects and massive overdosage. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1959, 81(1), 23-28.
[PMID: 13662972]
[87]
Sharp, W.L. Convulsions associated with anti-depressant drugs. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1960, 117, 458-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.117.5.458]
[88]
Logothetis, J. Spontaneous epileptic seizures and electroencephalographic changes in the course of phenothiazine therapy. Neurology, 1967, 17(9), 869-877.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.17.9.869] [PMID: 6069087]
[89]
Alldredge, B.K. Seizure risk associated with psychotropic drugs: Clinical and pharmacokinetic considerations. Neurology, 1999, 53(5)(Suppl. 2), S68-S75.
[PMID: 10496236]
[90]
Pisani, F.; Spina, E.; Oteri, G. Antidepressant drugs and seizure susceptibility: From in vitro data to clinical practice. Epilepsia, 1999, 40(Suppl. 10), S48-S56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00885.x] [PMID: 10609604]
[91]
Pisani, F.; Oteri, G.; Costa, C.; Di Raimondo, G.; Di Perri, R. Effects of psychotropic drugs on seizure threshold. Drug Saf., 2002, 25(2), 91-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200225020-00004] [PMID: 11888352]
[92]
Garcia, P.A.; Alldredge, B.K. Drug-induced seizures. Neurol. Clin., 1994, 12(1), 85-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30112-9] [PMID: 7910370]
[93]
Mula, M.; Monaco, F.; Trimble, M.R. Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with epilepsy: Interactions and seizure risk. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2004, 4(6), 953-964.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.4.6.953] [PMID: 15853522]
[94]
Mula, M. The pharmacological management of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with epilepsy. Pharmacol. Res., 2016, 107, 147-153.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.022] [PMID: 27001226]
[95]
Kanner, A.M. Most antidepressant drugs are safe for patients with epilepsy at therapeutic doses: A review of the evidence. Epilepsy Behav., 2016, 61, 282-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.03.022] [PMID: 27236241]
[96]
Jefferson, J.W.; Pradko, J.F.; Muir, K.T. Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations. Clin. Ther., 2005, 27(11), 1685-1695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.11.011] [PMID: 16368442]
[97]
Haddad, P.M.; Dursun, S.M. Neurological complications of psychiatric drugs: Clinical features and management. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2008, 23(Suppl. 1), 15-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.918] [PMID: 18098217]
[98]
Varma, S.; Bishara, D.; Besag, F.M.C.; Taylor, D. Clozapine-related EEG changes and seizures: Dose and plasma-level relationships. Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol., 2011, 1(2), 47-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125311405566] [PMID: 23983927]
[99]
Williams, A.M.; Park, S.H. Seizure associated with clozapine: Incidence, etiology, and management. CNS Drugs, 2015, 29(2), 101-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0222-y] [PMID: 25537107]
[100]
Stark, A.; Scott, J. A review of the use of clozapine levels to guide treatment and determine cause of death. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 2012, 46(9), 816-825.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867412438871] [PMID: 22327098]
[101]
Alper, K.; Schwartz, K.A.; Kolts, R.L.; Khan, A. Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: An analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol. Psychiatry, 2007, 62(4), 345-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.023] [PMID: 17223086]
[102]
Kumlien, E.; Lundberg, P.O. Seizure risk associated with neuroactive drugs: Data from the WHO adverse drug reactions database. Seizure, 2010, 19(2), 69-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2009.11.005] [PMID: 20036167]
[103]
Cardamone, L.; Salzberg, M.R.; O’Brien, T.J.; Jones, N.C. Antidepressant therapy in epilepsy: Can treating the comorbidities affect the underlying disorder? Br. J. Pharmacol., 2013, 168(7), 1531-1554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12052] [PMID: 23146067]
[104]
Okazaki, M.; Adachi, N.; Akanuma, N.; Hara, K.; Ito, M.; Kato, M.; Onuma, T. Do antipsychotic drugs increase seizure frequency in epilepsy patients? Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2014, 24(11), 1738-1744.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.09.012] [PMID: 25453222]
[105]
Monaghan, R.; O’Dwyer, M.; Luus, R.; Mulryan, N.; McCallion, P.; McCarron, M.; Henman, M.C. Antiepileptic drugs, occurrence of seizures and effect of co-administration of potential seizure threshold-lowering psychotropic drugs in adults with intellectual disability who have epilepsy. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil., 2021, 34(3), 818-829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jar.12857] [PMID: 33530136]
[106]
Hill, T.; Coupland, C.; Morriss, R.; Arthur, A.; Moore, M.; Hippisley-Cox, J. Antidepressant use and risk of epilepsy and seizures in people aged 20 to 64 years: Cohort study using a primary care database. BMC Psychiatry, 2015, 15, 315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0701-9] [PMID: 26678837]
[107]
Bhatti, M.; Dorriz, P.; Mehndiratta, P. Impact of psychotropic drugs on seizure threshold (P6.311). Neurology, 2017, 88.
[108]
Finkelstein, Y.; Hutson, J.R.; Freedman, S.B.; Wax, P.; Brent, J. Drug-induced seizures in children and adolescents presenting for emergency care: Current and emerging trends. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.), 2013, 51(8), 761-766.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.829233] [PMID: 23957582]
[109]
Citraro, R.; Leo, A.; De Fazio, P.; De Sarro, G.; Russo, E. Antidepressants but not antipsychotics have antiepileptogenic effects with limited effects on comorbid depressive-like behaviour in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2015, 172(12), 3177-3188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.13121] [PMID: 25754610]
[110]
Citraro, R.; Leo, A.; Aiello, R.; Pugliese, M.; Russo, E.; De Sarro, G. Comparative analysis of the treatment of chronic antipsychotic drugs on epileptic susceptibility in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Neurotherapeutics, 2015, 12(1), 250-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-014-0318-6] [PMID: 25404052]
[111]
Jobe, P.C.; Browning, R.A. The serotonergic and noradrenergic effects of antidepressant drugs are anticonvulsant, not proconvulsant. Epilepsy Behav., 2005, 7(4), 602-619.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.014] [PMID: 16169281]
[112]
Svob Strac, D.; Pivac, N.; Smolders, I.J.; Fogel, W.A.; De Deurwaerdere, P.; Di Giovanni, G. Monoaminergic mechanisms in epilepsy may offer innovative therapeutic opportunity for monoaminergic multi-target drugs. Front. Neurosci., 2016, 10, 492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00492] [PMID: 27891070]
[113]
Baroli, G.; Sanchez, J.R.; Agostinelli, E.; Mariottini, P.; Cervelli, M. Polyamines: The possible missing link between mental disorders and epilepsy (Review). Int. J. Mol. Med., 2020, 45(1), 3-9. [Review].
[PMID: 31746386]
[114]
Larson, E.A.; Accardi, M.V.; Zhong, Y.; Paquette, D.; Authier, S. Drug-induced seizures: Considerations for underlying molecular mechanisms. Int. J. Toxicol., 2021, 40(5), 403-412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10915818211040483] [PMID: 34514888]
[115]
Italiano, D.; Spina, E.; de Leon, J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between antiepileptics and antidepressants. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2014, 10(11), 1457-1489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2014.956081] [PMID: 25196459]
[116]
Spina, E.; Leon, J. Potentially clinically relevant pharmacodynamic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and psychotropic drugs: An update. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017, 23(37), 5625-5638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170809102258] [PMID: 28799514]
[117]
Spina, E.; Hiemke, C.; de Leon, J. Assessing drug-drug interactions through therapeutic drug monitoring when administering oral second-generation antipsychotics. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2016, 12(4), 407-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2016.1154043] [PMID: 26878495]
[118]
de Leon, J.; Santoro, V.; D’Arrigo, C.; Spina, E. Interactions between antiepileptics and second-generation antipsychotics. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2012, 8(3), 311-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2012.660918] [PMID: 22332980]
[119]
de Leon, J. Why do you keep telling me that drug-drug interactions are important in psychopharmacology when I do not see them in my clinical practice?: My failure to convince clinicians. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2019, 39(1), 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000924] [PMID: 30212396]
[120]
Spina, E.; Pisani, F.; de Leon, J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions of antiepileptic drugs with new antidepressants and new antipsychotics. Pharmacol. Res., 2016, 106, 72-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.014] [PMID: 26896788]
[121]
Jalil, P. Toxic reaction following the combined administration of fluoxetine and phenytoin: Two case reports. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1992, 55(5), 412-413.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.5.412-a] [PMID: 1602320]
[122]
Sovner, R.; Davis, J.M. A potential drug interaction between fluoxetine and valproic acid. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1991, 11(6), 389.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199112000-00018] [PMID: 1770158]
[123]
Lucena, M.I.; Blanco, E.; Corrales, M.A.; Berthier, M.L. Interaction of fluoxetine and valproic acid. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 155(4), 575-575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.4.575] [PMID: 9546010]
[124]
Mamiya, K.; Kojima, K.; Yukawa, E.; Higuchi, S.; Ieiri, I.; Ninomiya, H.; Tashiro, N. Phenytoin intoxication induced by fluvoxamine. Ther. Drug Monit., 2001, 23(1), 75-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200102000-00014] [PMID: 11206048]
[125]
Darley, J. Interaction between phenytoin and fluoxetine. Seizure, 1994, 3(2), 151-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1059-1311(05)80206-7] [PMID: 8081642]
[126]
Freeman, M.P.; Stoll, A.L. Mood stabilizer combinations: A review of safety and efficacy. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 155(1), 12-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.1.12] [PMID: 9433333]
[127]
Langbehn, D.R.; Alexander, B.; Woggon, B. Increased risk of side-effects in psychiatric patients treated with clozapine and carbamazepine: A reanalysis. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2000, 33(5), 196.
[PMID: 11071023]
[128]
Finley, P.R. Drug interactions with lithium: An update. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2016, 55(8), 925-941.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40262-016-0370-y] [PMID: 26936045]
[129]
Chaudhry, R.P.; Waters, B.G.H. Lithium and carbamazepine interaction: Possible neurotoxicity. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1983, 44(1), 30-31.
[PMID: 6401711]
[130]
Shukla, S.; Godwin, C.D.; Long, L.E.B.; Miller, M.G. Lithium-carbamazepine neurotoxicity and risk factors. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1984, 141(12), 1604-1606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.12.1604] [PMID: 6439058]
[131]
Rittmannsberger, H.; Leblhuber, F. Asterixis induced by carbamazepine therapy. Biol. Psychiatry, 1992, 32(4), 364-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90040-7] [PMID: 1420650]
[132]
Osterberg, L.; Blaschke, T. Adherence to medication. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 353(5), 487-497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050100] [PMID: 16079372]
[133]
Jansà, M.; Hernández, C.; Vidal, M.; Nuñez, M.; Bertran, M.J.; Sanz, S.; Castell, C.; Sanz, G. Multidimensional analysis of treatment adherence in patients with multiple chronic conditions. A cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital. Patient Educ. Couns., 2010, 81(2), 161-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.12.012] [PMID: 20167450]
[134]
Pagès-Puigdemont, N.; Tuneu, L.; Masip, M.; Valls, P.; Puig, T.; Mangues, M.A. Determinants of medication adherence among chronic patients from an urban area: A cross-sectional study. Eur. J. Public Health, 2019, 29(3), 419-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky259] [PMID: 30521035]
[135]
Davis, K.L.; Candrilli, S.D.; Edin, H.M. Prevalence and cost of nonadherence with antiepileptic drugs in an adult managed care population. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(3), 446-454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01414.x] [PMID: 18031549]
[136]
Chapman, S.C.E.; Horne, R.; Chater, A.; Hukins, D.; Smithson, W.H. Patients’ perspectives on antiepileptic medication: Relationships between beliefs about medicines and adherence among patients with epilepsy in UK primary care. Epilepsy Behav., 2014, 31, 312-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.016] [PMID: 24290250]
[137]
Brodtkorb, E.; Samsonsen, C.; Sund, J.K.; Bråthen, G.; Helde, G.; Reimers, A. Treatment non-adherence in pseudo-refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res., 2016, 122, 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.001] [PMID: 26897547]
[138]
Malek, N.; Heath, C.A.; Greene, J. A review of medication adherence in people with epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2017, 135(5), 507-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.12703] [PMID: 27781263]
[139]
Semahegn, A.; Torpey, K.; Manu, A.; Assefa, N.; Tesfaye, G.; Ankomah, A. Psychotropic medication non-adherence and its associated factors among patients with major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst. Rev., 2020, 9(1), 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-1274-3] [PMID: 31948489]
[140]
Lacro, J.P.; Dunn, L.B.; Dolder, C.R.; Leckband, S.G.; Jeste, D.V. Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia: A comprehensive review of recent literature. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2002, 63(10), 892-909.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v63n1007] [PMID: 12416599]
[141]
Trivedi, M.H.; Lin, E.H.B.; Katon, W.J. Consensus recommendations for improving adherence, self-management, and outcomes in patients with depression. CNS Spectr., 2007, 12(8)(Suppl. 13), 1-27.
[PMID: 17986951]
[142]
Henning, O.; Johannessen, L.C.; Nakken, K.O.; Lossius, M.I. Nonadherence to treatment regimens in epilepsy from the patient’s perspective and predisposing factors: Differences between intentional and unintentional lack of adherence. Epilepsia, 2019, 60(5), e58-e62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.14734] [PMID: 30980675]
[143]
Terman, S.W.; Kerr, W.T.; Marcum, Z.A.; Wang, L.; Burke, J.F. Antiseizure medication adherence trajectories in Medicare beneficiaries with newly treated epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(11), 2778-2789.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.17051] [PMID: 34462911]
[144]
Paschal, A.M.; Rush, S.E.; Sadler, T. Factors associated with medication adherence in patients with epilepsy and recommendations for improvement. Epilepsy Behav., 2014, 31, 346-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.002] [PMID: 24257314]
[145]
Brown, M.T.; Bussell, J.; Dutta, S.; Davis, K.; Strong, S.; Mathew, S. Medication adherence: Truth and consequences. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2016, 351(4), 387-399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.010] [PMID: 27079345]
[146]
Sletvold, H.; Sagmo, L.A.B.; Torheim, E.A. Impact of pictograms on medication adherence: A systematic literature review. Patient Educ. Couns., 2020, 103(6), 1095-1103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.12.018] [PMID: 31924384]
[147]
Haynes, R.B.; Ackloo, E.; Sahota, N.; McDonald, H.P.; Yao, X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2008, (2), CD000011.
[PMID: 18425859]
[148]
De Las Cuevas, C.; Lazary, J.; Poganyi, L.; de Leon, J. Practical approach to measuring and predicting medication adherence by outpatient’s selfreport after more than 10 years of research in psychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacol. Hung., 2021, 23(4), 336-346.
[PMID: 34971305]
[149]
Hiemke, C.; Bergemann, N.; Clement, H.W.; Conca, A.; Deckert, J.; Domschke, K.; Eckermann, G.; Egberts, K.; Gerlach, M.; Greiner, C.; Gründer, G.; Haen, E.; Havemann-Reinecke, U.; Hefner, G.; Helmer, R.; Janssen, G.; Jaquenoud, E.; Laux, G.; Messer, T.; Mössner, R.; Müller, M.J.; Paulzen, M.; Pfuhlmann, B.; Riederer, P.; Saria, A.; Schoppek, B.; Schoretsanitis, G.; Schwarz, M.; Gracia, M.S.; Stegmann, B.; Steimer, W.; Stingl, J.C.; Uhr, M.; Ulrich, S.; Unterecker, S.; Waschgler, R.; Zernig, G.; Zurek, G.; Baumann, P. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2018, 51(1-02), 9-62.
[PMID: 28910830]
[150]
De Las Cuevas, C.; de Leon, J. Self-report for measuring and predicting medication adherence: Experts’ experience in predicting adherence in stable psychiatric outpatients and in pharmacokinetics. Patient Prefer. Adherence, 2020, 14, 1823-1842.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S242693] [PMID: 33116427]
[151]
Ettinger, A.B.; Good, M.B.; Manjunath, R.; Edward, F.R.; Bancroft, T. The relationship of depression to antiepileptic drug adherence and quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2014, 36, 138-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.011] [PMID: 24926942]
[152]
Yang, Y.; Yang, M.; Shi, Q.; Wang, T.; Jiang, M. Risk factors for depression in patients with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav., 2020, 106, 107030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107030] [PMID: 32248060]
[153]
Orsini, A.; Esposito, M.; Perna, D.; Bonuccelli, A. Personalized medicine in epilepsy patients. J. Transl. Genet. Genom., 2018, 2-16.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 117
Html icon 2
Find your institution