Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Anti-Infective Agents

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-3525
ISSN (Online): 2211-3533

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Second Wave of Covid-19 with Seasonal Influenza (Flu) in Uttar Pradesh, Northern India: A Cohort Study

Author(s): Nadeem Rais*, Akash Ved, Rizwan Ahmad, Kehkashan Parveen, Om Prakash, Darakhshan Gazala Bari, Khursheed Ahmad, Muhammad Farman and Naze Alam

Volume 20, Issue 4, 2022

Published on: 05 July, 2022

Article ID: e050422203117 Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/2211352520666220405123925

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, while influenza viruses cause the flu. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection seems to be a real and serious concern.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the clinical features, laboratory investigations, computed tomography scans, and interventions of Covid-19 patients during seasonal influenza.

Methods: This was a multi-center prospective cohort study that collected data from hospitals, clinics, and laboratories on measurements, treatments, and outcomes from Covid-19 patients admitted to temporary Covid-19 care centers.

Results: A total of 480 individuals (female, 231 [48.12%]; male, 249 [51.88%]) were recruited from March 31st to May 14th, 2021 at five hospitals/clinics in Uttar Pradesh, North India. The patients were divided into six groups based on their age (65+ years [25.41% of cases] being the most affected age) and five groups based on their conditions (asymptomatic 65 [13.54%], mild 94 [19.58%], moderate 206 [42.91%], severe 84 [17.50%] and critical 31 [6.45%]). Patients’ outcomes were documented as death (19 [3.95%]), recovery (421 [87.71%]) and undertreatment (40 [8.34%]).

Conclusion: The most common clinical symptoms reported were fever, sore throat, and dyspnea. The severity was linked to hypoxemia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and high blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The vast majority of patients were given symptomatic treatment. Any onset of fever should be suspected and examined for the viral strain to distinguish between Covid-19 and the seasonal flu.

Keywords: Coronavirus, seasonal flu, covid-19 center, clinical study, influenza, SARS-CoV-2.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) nfluenza (Flu) - Past Pandemics. 2018. Available from: https://www.cdc. gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html(Accessed on: Feb 14, 2022).
[2]
World Health Organization (WHO) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). World Health Organization 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)(Accessed on: Feb 14, 2022).
[3]
World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Data table. Situation by Region, Country, Territory & Area. 2021. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/table(Accessed on: Feb 14, 2022).
[4]
World Health Organization (WHO) Similarities and differences - COVID-19 and influenza (PAHO/WHO). Pan American Health Organization. 2020. Available from: https://www.paho. org/en/news/25-3-2020-similarities-and-differences-covid-19-and-influenza(Accessed Feb 14, 2022).
[5]
Government of India Covid state wise data. Covid 19 state wise status., 2021. Available from: https://www.mygov.in/corona-data/covid19-statewise-status(Accessed on: Feb 14, 2022).
[6]
Flanagan, K.L.; Fink, A.L.; Plebanski, M.; Klein, S.L. Sex and gender differences in the outcomes of vaccination over the life course. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 2017, 33(1), 577-599.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718] [PMID: 28992436]
[7]
Klein, S.L.; Flanagan, K.L. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2016, 16(10), 626-638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.90] [PMID: 27546235]
[8]
Li, Q.; Guan, X.; Wu, P.; Wang, X.; Zhou, L.; Tong, Y.; Ren, R.; Leung, K.S.M.; Lau, E.H.Y.; Wong, J.Y.; Xing, X.; Xiang, N.; Wu, Y.; Li, C.; Chen, Q.; Li, D.; Liu, T.; Zhao, J.; Liu, M.; Tu, W.; Chen, C.; Jin, L.; Yang, R.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, S.; Wang, R.; Liu, H.; Luo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shao, G.; Li, H.; Tao, Z.; Yang, Y.; Deng, Z.; Liu, B.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, G.; Lam, T.T.Y.; Wu, J.T.; Gao, G.F.; Cowling, B.J.; Yang, B.; Leung, G.M.; Feng, Z. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(13), 1199-1207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316] [PMID: 31995857]
[9]
Zhang, J.J.; Dong, X.; Cao, Y.Y.; Yuan, Y.D.; Yang, Y.B.; Yan, Y.Q.; Akdis, C.A.; Gao, Y.D. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy, 2020, 75(7), 1730-1741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14238] [PMID: 32077115]
[10]
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). COVID-19 Response Team. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)-United States, February 12-March 16, 2020. US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6912e2-H.pdf(Accessed Feb 14, 2022).
[11]
Wu, Z.; McGoogan, J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA, 2020, 323(13), 1239-1242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648] [PMID: 32091533]
[12]
Nagai, M.; Hoshide, S.; Ishikawa, J.; Shimada, K.; Kario, K. Visit-to-visit blood pressure variations: New independent determinants for carotid artery measures in the elderly at high risk of cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens., 2011, 5(3), 184-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2011.03.001] [PMID: 21531344]
[13]
Crapo, R.O.; Jensen, R.L.; Hegewald, M.; Tashkin, D.P. Arterial blood gas reference values for sea level and an altitude of 1,400 meters. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1999, 160(5 Pt 1), 1525-1531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9806006] [PMID: 10556115]
[14]
Hjalmarson, A.; Gilpin, E.A.; Kjekshus, J.; Schieman, G.; Nicod, P.; Henning, H.; Ross, J., Jr Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 1990, 65(9), 547-553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)91029-6] [PMID: 1968702]
[15]
Zhang, J.; Zhou, L.; Yang, Y.; Peng, W.; Wang, W.; Chen, X. Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics. Lancet Respir. Med., 2020, 8(3), e11-e12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30071-0] [PMID: 32061335]
[16]
Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Song, B.; Gu, X.; Guan, L.; Wei, Y.; Li, H.; Wu, X.; Xu, J.; Tu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, H.; Cao, B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229), 1054-1062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3] [PMID: 32171076]
[17]
Feng, G.; Zheng, K.I.; Yan, Q.Q.; Rios, R.S.; Targher, G.; Byrne, C.D.; Poucke, S.V.; Liu, W.Y.; Zheng, M.H. COVID-19 and liver dysfunction: Current insights and emergent therapeutic strategies. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol., 2020, 8(1), 18-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2020.00018] [PMID: 32274342]
[18]
Lippi, G.; Plebani, M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2020, 58(7), 1131-1134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0198] [PMID: 32119647]
[19]
Arihan, O.; Wernly, B.; Lichtenauer, M.; Franz, M.; Kabisch, B.; Muessig, J.; Masyuk, M.; Lauten, A.; Schulze, P.C.; Hoppe, U.C.; Kelm, M.; Jung, C. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is independently associated with mortality in critically ill patients admitted to ICU. PLoS One, 2018, 13(1), e0191697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191697] [PMID: 29370259]
[20]
Storm, A.C.; Htike, N.L.; Cohen, D.A.; Benz, R.L. A surviving patient with record high creatinine. Open J. Nephrol., 2013, 3(4), 217-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojneph.2013.34037]
[21]
Rais, N.; Ved, A.; Ahmad, R.; Parveen, K.; Prakash, O. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and socio-demographic survey in the community of western Uttar Pradesh, India in the year 2019-2020. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev., 2021, 13(1), 10-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13129]
[22]
Riley, L.K.; Rupert, J. Evaluation of patients with leukocytosis. Am. Fam. Physician, 2015, 92(11), 1004-1011.
[PMID: 26760415]
[23]
Baron, D.M.; Franchini, M.; Goobie, S.M.; Javidroozi, M.; Klein, A.A.; Lasocki, S.; Liumbruno, G.M.; Muñoz, M.; Shander, A.; Spahn, D.R.; Zacharowski, K.; Meybohm, P. Patient blood management during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. Anaesthesia, 2020, 75(8), 1105-1113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.15095] [PMID: 32339260]
[24]
Bao, C.; Tao, X.; Cui, W.; Yi, B.; Pan, T.; Young, K.H.; Qian, W. SARS-CoV-2 induced thrombocytopenia as an important biomarker significantly correlated with abnormal coagulation function, increased intravascular blood clot risk and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Exp. Hematol. Oncol., 2020, 9(1), 16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40164-020-00172-4] [PMID: 32695551]
[25]
Shen, M.; Zhou, Y.; Ye, J.; Abdullah Al-Maskri, A.A.; Kang, Y.; Zeng, S.; Cai, S. Recent advances and perspectives of nucleic acid detection for coronavirus. J. Pharm. Anal., 2020, 10(2), 97-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.02.010] [PMID: 32292623]
[26]
Prakash, P.; Mishra, O.P.; Singh, A.K.; Gulati, A.K.; Nath, G. Evaluation of nested PCR in diagnosis of typhoid fever. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2005, 43(1), 431-432.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.1.431-432.2005] [PMID: 15635006]
[27]
Francone, M.; Iafrate, F.; Masci, G.M.; Coco, S.; Cilia, F.; Manganaro, L.; Panebianco, V.; Andreoli, C.; Colaiacomo, M.C.; Zingaropoli, M.A.; Ciardi, M.R.; Mastroianni, C.M.; Pugliese, F.; Alessandri, F.; Turriziani, O.; Ricci, P.; Catalano, C. Chest CT score in COVID-19 patients: Correlation with disease severity and short-term prognosis. Eur. Radiol., 2020, 30(12), 6808-6817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07033-y] [PMID: 32623505]
[28]
Cacciapaglia, G.; Cot, C.; Sannino, F. Multiwave pandemic dynamics explained: How to tame the next wave of infectious diseases. Sci. Rep., 2021, 11(1), 6638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85875-2] [PMID: 33758267]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
38
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy