Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

CTO in Contemporary PCI

Author(s): Mohamed Farag and Mohaned Egred*

Volume 18, Issue 1, 2022

Published on: 31 May, 2021

Article ID: e310521193720 Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X17666210531143519

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) of Chronic Total Occlusions (CTO) represents the most challenging procedure in modern endovascular treatments. In recent years, the success rate of CTO PCI has substantially improved, owing to increasing operator expertise and advancements in CTO equipment and algorithms as well as the development of expert consensus documents. In this review, we summarize existing evidence for CTO PCI, its success/ risk prediction scoring tools, procedural principles and complications and provide an insight into the future role of CTO PCI.

Keywords: Chronic total occlusion, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery disease, morbidity, mortality, risk.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Stone GW, Kandzari DE, Mehran R, et al. Percutaneous recanalization of chronically occluded coronary arteries: a consensus document: Part I. Circulation 2005; 112(15): 2364-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.481283] [PMID: 16216980]
[2]
Fefer P, Knudtson ML, Cheema AN, et al. Current perspectives on coronary chronic total occlusions: The Canadian Multicenter Chronic Total Occlusions Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(11): 991-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.007] [PMID: 22402070]
[3]
Jeroudi OM, Alomar ME, Michael TT, et al. Prevalence and management of coronary chronic total occlusions in a tertiary Veterans Affairs hospital. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 84(4): 637-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25264] [PMID: 24142769]
[4]
Claessen BE, Dangas GD, Weisz G, et al. Prognostic impact of a chronic total occlusion in a non-infarct-related artery in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 3-year results from the HORIZONS-AMI trial. Eur Heart J 2012; 33(6): 768-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr471] [PMID: 22240495]
[5]
Brilakis ES, Mashayekhi K, Tsuchikane E, et al. Guiding principles for chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2019; 140(5): 420-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.039797] [PMID: 31356129]
[6]
Werner GS, Surber R, Ferrari M, Fritzenwanger M, Figulla HR. The functional reserve of collaterals supplying long-term chronic total coronary occlusions in patients without prior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(20): 2406-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl270] [PMID: 17003048]
[7]
Sachdeva R, Agrawal M, Flynn SE, Werner GS, Uretsky BF. The myocardium supplied by a chronic total occlusion is a persistently ischemic zone. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 83(1): 9-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25001] [PMID: 23703867]
[8]
Gierlotka M, Tajstra M, Gąsior M, et al. Impact of chronic total occlusion artery on 12-month mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (from the PL-ACS Registry). Int J Cardiol 2013; 168(1): 250-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.086] [PMID: 23058348]
[9]
George S, Cockburn J, Clayton TC, et al. Long-term follow-up of elective chronic total coronary occlusion angioplasty: Analysis from the U.K. Central Cardiac Audit Database. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64(3): 235-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.040] [PMID: 25034057]
[10]
Villablanca PA, Olmedo W, Weinreich M, et al. Staged percutaneous intervention for concurrent chronic total occlusions in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(8): e008415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008415] [PMID: 29654206]
[11]
Saad M, Stiermaier T, Fuernau G, et al. Impact of chronic total occlusion in a non-infarct-related coronary artery on myocardial injury assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2018; 265: 251-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.03.042] [PMID: 29885694]
[12]
Konstantinidis NV, Werner GS, Deftereos S, et al. Temporal trends in chronic total occlusion interventions in Europe. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11(10): e006229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.006229] [PMID: 30354635]
[13]
Xenogiannis I, Choi JW, Alaswad K, et al. Outcomes of subintimal plaque modification in chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 96(5): 1029-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.28614] [PMID: 31797507]
[14]
Tanaka H, Tsuchikane E, Muramatsu T, et al. A novel algorithm for treating chronic total coronary artery occlusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74(19): 2392-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1049] [PMID: 31699280]
[15]
Katoh H, Yamane M, Muramatsu T, et al. Safety of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion in patients with multi-vessel disease; sub-analysis of the Japanese Retrograde Summit Registry. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2021; 25: 36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2020.10.007] [PMID: 33127297]
[16]
Maeremans J, Walsh S, Knaapen P, et al. The hybrid algorithm for treating chronic total occlusions in Europe: The Recharge Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68(18): 1958-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.034] [PMID: 27788851]
[17]
Wilson WM, Walsh SJ, Yan AT, et al. Hybrid approach improves success of chronic total occlusion angioplasty. Heart 2016; 102(18): 1486-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308891] [PMID: 27164918]
[18]
Sapontis J, Salisbury AC, Yeh RW, et al. Early procedural and health status outcomes after chronic total occlusion Angioplasty: A report from the OPEN-CTO Registry (Outcomes, Patient Health Status, and Efficiency in Chronic Total Occlusion Hybrid Procedures). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(15): 1523-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.05.065] [PMID: 28797429]
[19]
Chung CM, Nakamura S, Tanaka K, et al. Effect of recanalization of chronic total occlusions on global and regional left ventricular function in patients with or without previous myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003; 60(3): 368-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.10641] [PMID: 14571489]
[20]
Cheng AS, Selvanayagam JB, Jerosch-Herold M, et al. Percutaneous treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions improves regional hyperemic myocardial blood flow and contractility: Insights from quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1(1): 44-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2007.11.003] [PMID: 19393143]
[21]
Cetin M, Zencir C, Cakici M, et al. Effect of a successful percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion on parameters of ventricular repolarization. Coron Artery Dis 2014; 25(8): 705-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000138] [PMID: 25009975]
[22]
van Dongen IM, Kolk MZH, Elias J, et al. The effect of revascularization of a chronic total coronary occlusion on electrocardiographic variables. A sub-study of the EXPLORE trial. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51(5): 906-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.07.012] [PMID: 30177338]
[23]
Grantham JA, Jones PG, Cannon L, Spertus JA. Quantifying the early health status benefits of successful chronic total occlusion recanalization: Results from the FlowCardia’s Approach to Chronic Total Occlusion Recanalization (FACTOR) Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010; 3(3): 284-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.825760] [PMID: 20388873]
[24]
Joyal D, Afilalo J, Rinfret S. Effectiveness of recanalization of chronic total occlusions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2010; 160(1): 179-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.04.015] [PMID: 20598990]
[25]
Gao L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cao F, Chen Y. Long-term clinical outcomes of successful revascularization with drug-eluting stents for chronic total occlusions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 89(S1): 574-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.26934] [PMID: 28318134]
[26]
Tajti P, Burke MN, Karmpaliotis D, et al. Update in the percutaneous management of coronary chronic total occlusions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11(7): 615-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.10.052] [PMID: 29550088]
[27]
Tomasello SD, Boukhris M, Giubilato S, et al. Management strategies in patients affected by chronic total occlusions: Results from the Italian Registry of Chronic Total Occlusions. Eur Heart J 2015; 36(45): 3189-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv450] [PMID: 26333367]
[28]
Lee PH, Lee SW, Park HS, et al. Successful recanalization of native coronary chronic total occlusion is not associated with improved long-term survival. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9(6): 530-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.11.016] [PMID: 26947387]
[29]
Jang WJ, Yang JH, Choi SH, et al. Long-term survival benefit of revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion and well-developed collateral circulation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(2): 271-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2014.10.010] [PMID: 25700750]
[30]
Henriques JP, Hoebers LP, Råmunddal T, et al. Percutaneous intervention for concurrent chronic total occlusions in patients with STEMI: The Explore trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68(15): 1622-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.744] [PMID: 27712774]
[31]
Elias J, van Dongen IM, Hoebers LP, et al. Improved recovery of regional left ventricular function after PCI of chronic total occlusion in STEMI patients: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study of the randomized controlled EXPLORE trial. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017; 19(1): 53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0369-z] [PMID: 28724418]
[32]
Elias J, van Dongen IM, Råmunddal T, et al. Long-term impact of chronic total occlusion recanalisation in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart 2018; 104(17): 1432-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312698] [PMID: 29463612]
[33]
Werner GS, Martin-Yuste V, Hildick-Smith D, et al. A randomized multicentre trial to compare revascularization with optimal medical therapy for the treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(26): 2484-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy220] [PMID: 29722796]
[34]
Obedinskiy AA, Kretov EI, Boukhris M, et al. The IMPACTOR-CTO Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11(13): 1309-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2018.04.017] [PMID: 29976368]
[35]
Mashayekhi K, Nührenberg TG, Toma A, et al. A randomized trial to assess regional left ventricular function after stent implantation in chronic total occlusion: The REVASC Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11(19): 1982-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2018.05.041] [PMID: 30219327]
[36]
Lee SW, Lee PH, Ahn JM, et al. Randomized trial evaluating percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of chronic total occlusion. Circulation 2019; 139(14): 1674-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.031313] [PMID: 30813758]
[37]
Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019; 40(2): 87-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394] [PMID: 30165437]
[38]
DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986; 7(3): 177-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2] [PMID: 3802833]
[39]
Morino Y, Abe M, Morimoto T, et al. Predicting successful guidewire crossing through chronic total occlusion of native coronary lesions within 30 minutes: The J-CTO (Multicenter CTO Registry in Japan) score as a difficulty grading and time assessment tool. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4(2): 213-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2010.09.024] [PMID: 21349461]
[40]
Christopoulos G, Wyman RM, Alaswad K, et al. Clinical utility of the Japan chronic total occlusion score in coronary chronic total occlusion interventions: Results from a multicenter registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(7): e002171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.002171] [PMID: 26162857]
[41]
Tanaka H, Morino Y, Abe M, et al. Impact of J-CTO score on procedural outcome and target lesion revascularisation after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion: A substudy of the J-CTO Registry (Multicentre CTO Registry in Japan). EuroIntervention 2016; 11(9): 981-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJV11I9A202] [PMID: 26788703]
[42]
Opolski MP, Achenbach S, Schuhbäck A, et al. Coronary computed tomographic prediction rule for time-efficient guidewire crossing through chronic total occlusion: Insights from the CT-RECTOR multicenter registry (Computed Tomography Registry of Chronic Total Occlusion Revascularization). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(2): 257-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2014.07.031] [PMID: 25700748]
[43]
Danek BA, Karatasakis A, Karmpaliotis D, et al. Development and Validation of a Scoring System for Predicting Periprocedural Complications During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of Chronic Total Occlusions: The Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS CTO) Complications Score. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5(10): e004272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004272] [PMID: 27729332]
[44]
Yu CW, Lee HJ, Suh J, et al. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Predicts Guidewire Crossing and Success of Percutaneous Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion: Korean Multicenter CTO CT Registry Score as a Tool for Assessing Difficulty in Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10(4): e005800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005800] [PMID: 28389507]
[45]
Liu Y, Liu YH, Chen JY, et al. A simple pre-procedural risk score for contrast-induced nephropathy among patients with chronic total occlusion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol 2015; 180: 69-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.133] [PMID: 25438216]
[46]
Ellis SG, Burke MN, Murad MB, et al. Predictors of Successful Hybrid-Approach Chronic Total Coronary Artery Occlusion Stenting: An Improved Model With Novel Correlates. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(11): 1089-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.03.016] [PMID: 28595879]
[47]
Christopoulos G, Kandzari DE, Yeh RW, et al. Development and Validation of a Novel Scoring System for Predicting Technical Success of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: The PROGRESS CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) Score. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.09.022] [PMID: 26762904]
[48]
Maeremans J, Spratt JC, Knaapen P, et al. Towards a contemporary, comprehensive scoring system for determining technical outcomes of hybrid percutaneous chronic total occlusion treatment: The RECHARGE score. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 91(2): 192-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27092] [PMID: 28471074]
[49]
Galassi AR, Boukhris M, Azzarelli S, Castaing M, Marzà F, Tomasello SD. Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization for Chronic Total Occlusions: A Novel Predictive Score of Technical Failure Using Advanced Technologies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9(9): 911-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.01.036] [PMID: 27085580]
[50]
Alessandrino G, Chevalier B, Lefèvre T, et al. A Clinical and Angiographic Scoring System to Predict the Probability of Successful First-Attempt Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Total Chronic Coronary Occlusion. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(12): 1540-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.07.009] [PMID: 26493246]
[51]
Szijgyarto Z, Rampat R, Werner GS, et al. Derivation and Validation of a Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion Intervention Procedural Success Score From the 20,000-Patient EuroCTO Registry: The EuroCTO (CASTLE) Score. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12(4): 335-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2018.11.020] [PMID: 30711551]
[52]
Bakker EJ, Maeremans J, Zivelonghi C, et al. Fully Transradial Versus Transfemoral Approach for Percutaneous Intervention of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions Applying the Hybrid Algorithm: Insights From RECHARGE Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(9): e005255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.005255] [PMID: 28851720]
[53]
Kinnaird T, Anderson R, Ossei-Gerning N, et al. Vascular Access Site and Outcomes Among 26,807 Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion Angioplasty Cases From the British Cardiovascular Interventions Society National Database. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(7): 635-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.11.055] [PMID: 28385401]
[54]
Tanaka Y, Moriyama N, Ochiai T, et al. Transradial Coronary Interventions for Complex Chronic Total Occlusions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(3): 235-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.11.003] [PMID: 28183464]
[55]
Song L, Maehara A, Finn MT, et al. Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis of Intraplaque Versus Subintimal Tracking in Percutaneous Intervention for Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions and Association With Procedural Outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(10): 1011-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.02.043] [PMID: 28521919]
[56]
Vo MN, Karmpaliotis D, Brilakis ES. “Move the cap” technique for ambiguous or impenetrable proximal cap of coronary total occlusion. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 87(4): 742-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.26079] [PMID: 26332640]
[57]
Galassi AR, Werner GS, Boukhris M, et al. Percutaneous recanalisation of chronic total occlusions: 2019 consensus document from the EuroCTO Club. EuroIntervention 2019; 15(2): 198-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-18-00826] [PMID: 30636678]
[58]
Godino C, Latib A, Economou FI, et al. Coronary chronic total occlusions: mid-term comparison of clinical outcome following the use of the guided-STAR technique and conventional anterograde approaches. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 79(1): 20-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.23058] [PMID: 21805559]
[59]
Karacsonyi J, Tajti P, Rangan BV, et al. Randomized Comparison of a CrossBoss First Versus Standard Wire Escalation Strategy for Crossing Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions: The CrossBoss First Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11(3): 225-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.10.023] [PMID: 29413236]
[60]
Galassi AR, Boukhris M, Tomasello SD, et al. Long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes of the mini-STAR technique as a bailout strategy for percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30(11): 1400-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.016] [PMID: 25442438]
[61]
Mogabgab O, Patel VG, Michael TT, et al. Long-term outcomes with use of the CrossBoss and stingray coronary CTO crossing and re-entry devices. J Invasive Cardiol 2013; 25(11): 579-85.
[PMID: 24184892]
[62]
Galassi AR, Sianos G, Werner GS, et al. Retrograde Recanalization of Chronic Total Occlusions in Europe: Procedural, In-Hospital, and Long-Term Outcomes From the Multicenter ERCTO Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(22): 2388-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.566] [PMID: 26046732]
[63]
Egred M. Transradial retrograde recanalization of totally occluded left anterior descending artery using a single 7 fr guiding catheter. J Invasive Cardiol 2013; 25(1): 57-60.
[PMID: 23293178]
[64]
Karmpaliotis D, Karatasakis A, Alaswad K, et al. Outcomes With the Use of the Retrograde Approach for Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion Interventions in a Contemporary Multicenter US Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9(6): e003434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003434] [PMID: 27307562]
[65]
Okamura A, Yamane M, Muto M, et al. Complications during retrograde approach for chronic coronary total occlusion: Sub-analysis of Japanese multicenter registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 88(1): 7-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.26317] [PMID: 26616576]
[66]
Brilakis ES, Grantham JA, Rinfret S, et al. A percutaneous treatment algorithm for crossing coronary chronic total occlusions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5(4): 367-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2012.02.006] [PMID: 22516392]
[67]
Harding SA, Wu EB, Lo S, et al. A New Algorithm for Crossing Chronic Total Occlusions From the Asia Pacific Chronic Total Occlusion Club. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(21): 2135-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.06.071] [PMID: 29122129]
[68]
Christopoulos G, Karmpaliotis D, Alaswad K, et al. Application and outcomes of a hybrid approach to chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention in a contemporary multicenter US registry. Int J Cardiol 2015; 198: 222-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.093] [PMID: 26189193]
[69]
Goleski PJ, Nakamura K, Liebeskind E, et al. Revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusions with subintimal tracking and reentry followed by deferred stenting: Experience from a high-volume referral center. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 93(2): 191-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27783] [PMID: 30411863]
[70]
Sekiguchi M, Muramatsu T, Kishi K, et al. Assessment of reattempted percutaneous coronary intervention strategy for chronic total occlusion after prior failed procedures: Analysis of the Japanese CTO-PCI Expert Registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 94(4): 516-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.28315] [PMID: 31062477]
[71]
Galassi AR, Sumitsuji S, Boukhris M, et al. Utility of Intravascular Ultrasound in Percutaneous Revascularization of Chronic Total Occlusions: An Overview. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9(19): 1979-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2016.06.057] [PMID: 27712732]
[72]
Kim BK, Shin DH, Hong MK, et al. Clinical Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention With Zotarolimus-Eluting Versus Biolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation: Randomized Study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(7): e002592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.002592] [PMID: 26156151]
[73]
Tian NL, Gami SK, Ye F, et al. Angiographic and clinical comparisons of intravascular ultrasound- versus angiography-guided drug-eluting stent implantation for patients with chronic total occlusion lesions: two-year results from a randomised AIR-CTO study. EuroIntervention 2015; 10(12): 1409-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJV10I12A245] [PMID: 25912391]
[74]
Kim BK, Cho I, Hong MK, et al. Usefulness of Intraprocedural Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography During Intervention for Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117(12): 1868-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.03.032] [PMID: 27134060]
[75]
Kinnaird T, Gallagher S, Cockburn J, et al. Procedural Success and Outcomes With Increasing Use of Enabling Strategies for Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11(10): e006436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006436] [PMID: 30354634]
[76]
Brilakis ES, Banerjee S, Karmpaliotis D, et al. Procedural outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8(2): 245-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2014.08.014] [PMID: 25700746]
[77]
Megaly M, Abraham B, Pershad A, et al. Outcomes of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Prior Bypass Surgery. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13(7): 900-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2019.11.033] [PMID: 32192982]
[78]
Farag M, Gue YX, Brilakis ES, Egred M. Meta-analysis Comparing Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Native Artery Versus Bypass Graft in Patients With Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Am J Cardiol 2021; 140: 47-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.10.062] [PMID: 33144169]
[79]
Stefanini GG, Alfonso F, Barbato E, et al. Management of myocardial revascularisation failure: an expert consensus document of the EAPCI. EuroIntervention 2020; 16(11): e875-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-20-00487] [PMID: 32597391]
[80]
Patel VG, Brayton KM, Tamayo A, et al. Angiographic success and procedural complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary chronic total occlusion interventions: a weighted meta-analysis of 18,061 patients from 65 studies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6(2): 128-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2012.10.011] [PMID: 23352817]
[81]
Abdalwahab A, Farag M, Brilakis ES, Galassi AR, Egred M. Management of coronary artery perforation. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2021; 26: 55-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2020.11.013] [PMID: 33203580]
[82]
Doshi D, Hatem R, Masoumi A, Karmapaliotis D. A case report of right ventricular compression from a septal haematoma during retrograde coronary intervention to a chronic total occlusion. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2019; 3(3): ytz089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/ytz089] [PMID: 31408099]
[83]
Maccia C, Malchair F, Gobert I, Louvard Y, Lefevre T. Assessment of Local Dose Reference Values for Recanalization of Chronic Total Occlusions and Other Occlusions in a High-Volume Catheterization Center. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116(8): 1179-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.026] [PMID: 26275581]
[84]
Tajti P, Brilakis ES. Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Evidence and Controversies. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(2): e006732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006732] [PMID: 29330258]
[85]
Christopoulos G, Makke L, Christakopoulos G, et al. Optimizing Radiation Safety in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: A Practical Approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 87(2): 291-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25959] [PMID: 26526181]
[86]
Shorrock D, Christopoulos G, Wosik J, et al. Impact of a Disposable Sterile Radiation Shield on Operator Radiation Exposure During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Chronic Total Occlusions. J Invasive Cardiol 2015; 27(7): 313-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(15)61779-X] [PMID: 26136277]
[87]
Soud M, SayedAhmad Z, Kajy M, et al. The efficacy and safety of transradial and transfemoral approach in treatment of coronary chronic total occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18(11): 809-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2020.1813025] [PMID: 32825807]
[88]
Alkatiri AA, Firman D, Haryono N, et al. Comparison between radial versus femoral percutaneous coronary intervention access in Indonesian hospitals, 2017-2018: A prospective observational study of a national registry. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2020; 27: 100488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100488] [PMID: 32154360]
[89]
Fairley SL, Lucking AJ, McEntegart M, et al. Routine Use of Fluoroscopic-Guided Femoral Arterial Puncture to Minimise Vascular Complication Rates in CTO Intervention: Multi-centre UK Experience. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25(12): 1203-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2016.04.006] [PMID: 27265645]
[90]
Dautov R, Ribeiro HB, Abdul-Jawad Altisent O, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of the Transradial 8Fr Sheathless Approach for Revascularization of Chronic Total Occlusions. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118(6): 785-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.06.052] [PMID: 27453512]
[91]
Aktürk E, Aşkın L, Taşolar H, et al. Evaluation of contrast nephropathy in percutaneous treatment of chronic total occlusions. Interv Med Appl Sci 2019; 11(2): 95-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1646.11.2019.15] [PMID: 32148912]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
26
2
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy