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Current Diabetes Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

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General Review Article

Diabetic Complications: An Update on Pathobiology and Therapeutic Strategies

Author(s): Karthika Nellaiappan, Kumari Preeti, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri and Shashi Bala Singh*

Volume 18, Issue 1, 2022

Published on: 09 March, 2021

Article ID: e030821192146 Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210309104203

Abstract

Despite the advent of novel therapies which manage and control diabetes well, the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects is associated with the devastating secondary complications it produces. Long-standing diabetes majorly drives cellular and molecular alterations, which eventually damage both small and large blood vessels. The complications are prevalent both in type I and type II diabetic subjects. The microvascular complications include diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, while the macrovascular complications include diabetic heart disease and stroke. The current therapeutic strategy alleviates the complications to some extent but does not cure or prevent them. Also, the recent clinical trial outcomes in this field are disappointing. Success in the drug discovery of diabetic complications may be achieved by a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and by recognising the crucial factors contributing to the development and progression of the disease. In this review, we discuss the well-studied cellular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of diabetic complications. In addition, we also highlight the various therapeutic paradigms currently in clinical practice.

Keywords: Diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic heart disease, pathophysiology, drug-discovery.

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