Immunological Mechanism and Clinical Application of PAMP Adjuvants

Yu       Yan; Dan       Yao; Xiaoyu       Li
doi:10.2174/1574892816666210201114712
Abstract

Background: The host innate immune system can recognize Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), thereby initiating innate immune responses and subsequent adaptive immune responses. PAMPs can be developed as a vaccine adjuvant for modulating and optimizing antigen-specific immune responses, especially in combating viral infections and tumor therapy. Although several PAMP adjuvants have been successfully developed they are still lacking in general, and many of them are in the preclinical exploration stage.
Objective: This review summarizes the research progress and development direction of PAMP adjuvants, focusing on their immune mechanisms and clinical applications.
Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for this information. We highlight the immune mechanisms and clinical applications of PAMP adjuvants.
Results: Because of the differences in receptor positions, specific immune cells targets, and signaling pathways, the detailed molecular mechanism and pharmacokinetic properties of one agonist cannot be fully generalized to another agonist, and each PAMP should be studied separately. In addition, combination therapy and effective integration of different adjuvants can increase the additional efficacy of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Conclusion: The mechanisms by which PAMPs exert adjuvant functions are diverse. With continuous discovery in the future, constant adjustments should be made to build new understandings. At present, the goal of therapeutic vaccination is to induce T cells that can specifically recognize and eliminate tumor cells and establish long-term immune memory. Following immune checkpoint modulation therapy, cancer treatment vaccines may be an option worthy of clinical testing.
Keywords: Adjuvant, clinical application, immunological mechanism, immune responses, PAMP, pattern recognition receptors.
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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574892816666210201114712	Print ISSN 1574-8928
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publishers	Online ISSN 2212-3970
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