Generic placeholder image

Current Metabolomics and Systems Biology (Discontinued)

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2666-3384
ISSN (Online): 2666-3392

Review Article

A Roadmap of Cancer: From the Historical Evidence to Recent Salivary Metabolites-based Nanobiosensor Diagnostic Devices

Author(s): D. Durgalakshmi*, R. Rishvanth, J. Mohanraj, P. Aruna and S. Ganesan

Volume 8, Issue 1, 2021

Published on: 26 June, 2020

Page: [27 - 52] Pages: 26

DOI: 10.2174/2666338408999200626194459

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

The etymology of the term cancer for a dysregulated balance of cell proliferation and cell death may be of the recent centenary. But the occurrence of cancer was reported at various periods in the history. Even though research towards a cure for cancer has received higher interest in various scientific domains due to its need for mankind, appropriate therapy for the complete cure of cancer is yet to be resolved by the research community. On this note, this review emphasizes on the brief overview of the historical beliefs on cancer occurrence, scientific mythology, and also discusses the recent scientific advancement in the diagnosis of cancer. The nanotechnological approaches for the diagnosis of cancer in ex-vivo conditions by means of the point of care devices are highly needed in recent years. This is for the reason that they have a high sensitivity to the biochemical interaction of the metabolites, low cost, and could be used for mass screening of the wide rural public, where the advanced imaging modalities are out of reach. Herein, we emphasize the importance of saliva as a mirror to the body’s health and using nanotechnology-based biosensors, various types of cancer could be diagnosed from salivary metabolites.

Keywords: Cancer, cell cycle, diagnosis, biosensors, nanoparticle, carcinoma, mutation theory.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Hill, C.L.; Zhang, Y.; Sigurgeirsson, B.; Pukkala, E.; Mellemkjaer, L.; Airio, A.; Evans, S.R.; Felson, D.T. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: A population-based study. Lancet, 2001, 357(9250), 96-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03540-6] [PMID: 11197446]
[2]
Ruddon, R.W. Cancer biology; Oxford University Press, 2007.
[3]
Hesketh, R. Introduction to cancer biology; Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[4]
King, R.J.B.; Robins, M.W. Cancer biology; Pearson Education, 2006.
[5]
Hejmadi, M. How cancer arises; Introduction to Cancer Biology, 2009, pp. 6-14.
[6]
Stewart, B.; Wild, C.P. World cancer report 2014. Health, 2017.
[7]
O. World Health. National cancer control programmes: policies and managerial guidelines; World Health Organiza-tion, 2002.
[8]
Shen, Z. Genomic instability and cancer: an introduction. J. Mol. Cell Biol., 2011, 3(1), 1-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjq057] [PMID: 21278445]
[9]
Rettig, R.A. Cancer crusade: The story of the National Cancer Act of 1971. i Universe 2005, 1971.
[10]
Sudhakar, A. History of cancer, ancient and modern treatment methods. J. Cancer Sci. Ther., 2009, 1(2), 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-5956.100000e2] [PMID: 20740081]
[11]
Eckhouse, S.; Lewison, G.; Sullivan, R. Trends in the global funding and activity of cancer research. Mol. Oncol., 2008, 2(1), 20-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2008.03.007] [PMID: 19383326]
[12]
Abudu, R.M.; Cira, M.K.; Pyle, D.H.M.; Duncan, K. Landscape of global oncology research and training at national cancer institute-designated cancer centers: Results of the 2018 to 2019 global oncology survey. J. Glob. Oncol., 2019, 5, 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JGO.19.00308] [PMID: 31756139]
[13]
DeVita, V.T., Jr; Chu, E. A history of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res., 2008, 68(21), 8643-8653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611] [PMID: 18974103]
[14]
Feldman, R.P.; Goodrich, J.T. The edwin smith surgical papyrus. Childs Nerv. Syst., 1999, 15(6-7), 281-284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050395] [PMID: 10461775]
[15]
Hajdu, S.I. A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, part 1. Cancer, 2011, 117(5), 1097-1102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25553] [PMID: 20960499]
[16]
Hajdu, S.I. Greco-Roman thought about cancer. Cancer, 2004, 100(10), 2048-2051.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20198] [PMID: 15139045]
[17]
Paduch, R. Theories of cancer origin. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 2015, 24(1), 57-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000024] [PMID: 24681533]
[18]
Hajdu, S.I. A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, part 2. Cancer, 2011, 117(12), 2811-2820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25825] [PMID: 21656759]
[19]
Sakorafas, G.H.; Safioleas, M. Breast cancer surgery: An historical narrative. Part II. 18th and 19th centuries. Eur. J. Cancer Care (Engl.), 2010, 19(1), 6-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01060.x] [PMID: 19674073]
[20]
Valier, H.K. The Problematic Prehistory of Prostate Cancer, A History of Prostate Cancer; Springer, 2016, pp. 15-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56595-2_2]
[21]
Faguet, G.B. A brief history of cancer: Age-old milestones underlying our current knowledge database. Int. J. Cancer, 2015, 136(9), 2022-2036.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29134] [PMID: 25113657]
[22]
Triolo, V.A. Nineteenth century foundations of cancer research advances in tumor pathology, nomenclature, and theo-ries of oncogenesis. Cancer Res., 1965, 25(2 Part 1), 75-106.
[PMID: 14264062]
[23]
Koller, P.C. The nucleus of the cancer cell: A historical review. Exp. Cell Res., 1963, 24(Suppl. 9), 3-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(63)90241-6] [PMID: 14046242]
[24]
Kardinal, C.G.; Yarbro, J.W. A conceptual history of cancer. Semin. Oncol., 1979, 6(4), 396-408.
[25]
Kumar, D.R.; Hanlin, E.; Glurich, I.; Mazza, J.J.; Yale, S.H. Virchow’s contribution to the understanding of thrombosis and cellular biology. Clin. Med. Res., 2010, 8(3-4), 168-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2009.866] [PMID: 20739582]
[26]
Rosser, C. The etiology of anal cancer. Am. J. Surg., 1931, 11(2), 328-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(31)90665-X]
[27]
Rwazavian, N. Can a virus cause cancer: A look into the history and significance of oncoviruses. Berkeley Scientific J., 2011, 14(1) , Available from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c57612p
[28]
van Helvoort, T. A century of research into the cause of cancer: Is the new oncogene paradigm revolutionary? Hist. Philos. Life Sci., 1999, 21(3), 293-330.
[PMID: 11197187]
[29]
Liao, J.B. Viruses and human cancer. Yale J. Biol. Med., 2006, 79(3-4), 115-122.
[PMID: 17940621]
[30]
McLaughlin-Drubin, M.E.; Munger, K. Viruses associated with human cancer, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). Mol. Basis of Dis., 2008, 1782(3), 127-150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.12.005]
[31]
Marur, S.; D’Souza, G.; Westra, W.H.; Forastiere, A.A. HPV-associated head and neck cancer: A virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol., 2010, 11(8), 781-789.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70017-6] [PMID: 20451455]
[32]
Melamede, R. Cannabis and tobacco smoke are not equally carcinogenic. Harm Reduct. J., 2005, 2(1), 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-21] [PMID: 16232311]
[33]
Smith, M.T.; Guyton, K.Z.; Gibbons, C.F.; Fritz, J.M.; Portier, C.J.; Rusyn, I.; DeMarini, D.M.; Caldwell, J.C.; Kavlock, R.J.; Lambert, P.F.; Hecht, S.S.; Bucher, J.R.; Stewart, B.W.; Baan, R.A.; Cogliano, V.J.; Straif, K. Key characteristics of car-cinogens as a basis for organizing data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect., 2016, 124(6), 713-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509912] [PMID: 26600562]
[34]
Watson, J.D.; Crick, F.H.C. Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 1953, 171(4356), 737-738.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/171737a0] [PMID: 13054692]
[35]
Guo, X.E.; Ngo, B.; Modrek, A.S.; Lee, W.-H. Targeting tumor suppressor networks for cancer therapeutics. Curr. Drug Targets, 2014, 15(1), 2-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450114666140106095151] [PMID: 24387338]
[36]
Croce, C.M. Oncogenes and cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 358(5), 502-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra072367] [PMID: 18234754]
[37]
Venkitaraman, A.R. Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell, 2002, 108(2), 171-182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00615-3] [PMID: 11832208]
[38]
Lapidot, T.; Sirard, C.; Vormoor, J.; Murdoch, B.; Hoang, T.; Caceres-Cortes, J.; Minden, M.; Paterson, B.; Caligiuri, M.A.; Dick, J.E. Can a virus cause cancer: A look into the history and significance of oncoviruses. Berkeley Sci. J., 1994, 14(1), 19-22.
[39]
Barbacid, M. Oncogenes and human cancer: Cause or consequence? Carcinogenesis, 1986, 7(7), 1037-1042.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/7.7.1037] [PMID: 3087641]
[40]
Blackadar, C.B. Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J. Clin. Oncol., 2016, 7(1), 54-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v7.i1.54] [PMID: 26862491]
[41]
Pathology of Tumours. By R. A. Willis, D.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P., and Sir William H. Collins Professor of Human and Comparative Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons, London. 95/8 × 65/8 in. Pp. 1044 + xxiii, with 500 illustrations. 1948. London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.18003514043]
[42]
Chaffer, C.L.; Weinberg, R.A. A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science, 2011, 331(6024), 1559-1564.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1203543] [PMID: 21436443]
[43]
Huang, S.; Ingber, D.E. Cell tension, matrix mechanics, and cancer development. Cancer Cell, 2005, 8(3), 175-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.009] [PMID: 16169461]
[44]
Pethica, B.A. The physical chemistry of cell adhesion. Exp. Cell Res., 1961, 8(Suppl. 8), 123-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(61)90344-5] [PMID: 13734854]
[45]
Abercrombie, M.; Ambrose, E.J. The surface properties of cancer cells: A review. Cancer Res., 1962, 22(5 Part 1), 525-548.
[PMID: 13858936]
[46]
Turner, N.; Tutt, A.; Ashworth, A. Hallmarks of ‘BRCAness’ in sporadic cancers. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2004, 4(10), 814-819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1457] [PMID: 15510162]
[47]
Benelli, G.; Lo Iacono, A.; Canale, A.; Mehlhorn, H. Mosquito vectors and the spread of cancer: An overlooked con-nection? Parasitol. Res., 2016, 115(6), 2131-2137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5037-y] [PMID: 27053131]
[48]
Torre, L.A.; Siegel, R.L.; Ward, E.M.; Jemal, A. Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends-an update. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2016, 25(1), 16-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578] [PMID: 26667886]
[49]
Duek, L.; Vyzula, R.; Abrahmov, J.; Fnek, J.; Petruelka, L. Incidence and prevalence predictions for breast cancer in the Czech Republic in 2015 2015.
[50]
Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2015, 65(1), 5-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254] [PMID: 25559415]
[51]
Torre, L.A.; Bray, F.; Siegel, R.L.; Ferlay, J.; Lortet-Tieulent, J.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2015, 65(2), 87-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262] [PMID: 25651787]
[52]
Farber, E. The multistep nature of cancer development. Cancer Res., 1984, 44(10), 4217-4223.
[PMID: 6467183]
[53]
Lyman, G.H. Risk factors for cancer. Prim. Care, 1992, 19(3), 465-479.
[54]
Makkouk, A.; Weiner, G.J. Cancer immunotherapy and breaking immune tolerance: New approaches to an old chal-lenge. Cancer Res., 2015, 75(1), 5-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2538] [PMID: 25524899]
[55]
Sung, B.; Prasad, S.; Yadav, V.R.; Lavasanifar, A.; Aggarwal, B.B. Cancer and diet: How are they related? Free Radic. Res., 2011, 45(8), 864-879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2011.582869] [PMID: 21651450]
[56]
Lax, A.J.; Thomas, W. How bacteria could cause cancer: One step at a time. Trends Microbiol., 2002, 10(6), 293-299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02360-0] [PMID: 12088666]
[57]
Kuper, H.; Adami, H.O.; Trichopoulos, D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J. Intern. Med., 2000, 248(3), 171-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00742.x] [PMID: 10971784]
[58]
Parsonnet, J. Bacterial infection as a cause of cancer. Environ. Health Perspect., 1995, 103(Suppl. 8), 263-268.
[PMID: 8741796]
[59]
Rahal, Z.; El Nemr, S.; Sinjab, A.; Chami, H.; Tfayli, A.; Kadara, H. Smoking and lung cancer: a geo-regional perspec-tive. Front. Oncol., 2017, 7, 194.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00194] [PMID: 28920053]
[60]
Campisi, J. Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2013, 75, 685-705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183653] [PMID: 23140366]
[61]
C. GM. The cell: A molecular approach; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, 2000.
[62]
Elledge, S.J. Cell cycle checkpoints: Preventing an identity crisis. Science, 1996, 274(5293), 1664-1672.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5293.1664] [PMID: 8939848]
[63]
Hartwell, L.H.; Kastan, M.B. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science, 1994, 266(5192), 1821-1828.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7997877] [PMID: 7997877]
[64]
Hill, B.T. The relevance of certain concepts of cell cycle kinetics, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-. Rev. Can., 1978, 516(4), 389-417.
[65]
Gelfant, S. A new concept of tissue and tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Res., 1977, 37(11), 3845-3862.
[PMID: 332341]
[66]
Hill, B.T.; Baserga, R. The cell cycle and its significance for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev., 1975, 2(3), 159-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7372(75)80001-6] [PMID: 1104161]
[67]
Sherr, C.J. Cancer cell cycles. Science, 1996, 274(5293), 1672-1677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5293.1672] [PMID: 8939849]
[68]
Hartwell, L.H.; Weinert, T.A. Checkpoints: Controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science, 1989, 246(4930), 629-634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2683079] [PMID: 2683079]
[69]
Morandell, S.; Yaffe, M.B. Exploiting synthetic lethal interactions between DNA damage signaling, checkpoint con-trol, and p53 for targeted cancer therapy. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci., 2012, 110, 289-314.
[PMID: 22749150]
[70]
Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 2000, 100(1), 57-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9] [PMID: 10647931]
[71]
Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell, 2011, 144(5), 646-674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013] [PMID: 21376230]
[72]
Xing, L.; Todd, N.W.; Yu, L.; Fang, H.; Jiang, F. Early detection of squamous cell lung cancer in sputum by a panel of microRNA markers. Mod. Pathol., 2010, 23(8), 1157-1164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.111] [PMID: 20526284]
[73]
Choi, Y-E.; Kwak, J-W.; Park, J.W. Nanotechnology for early cancer detection. Sensors (Basel), 2010, 10(1), 428-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100100428] [PMID: 22315549]
[74]
Benedet, J.L.; Bender, H.; Jones, H., III; Ngan, H.Y.S.; Pecorelli, S. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology. FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 2000, 70(2), 209-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)90001-8] [PMID: 11041682]
[75]
Filipovich, A.H.; Weisdorf, D.; Pavletic, S.; Socie, G.; Wingard, J.R.; Lee, S.J.; Martin, P.; Chien, J.; Przepiorka, D.; Couriel, D.; Cowen, E.W.; Dinndorf, P.; Farrell, A.; Hartzman, R.; Henslee-Downey, J.; Jacobsohn, D.; McDonald, G.; Mittle-man, B.; Rizzo, J.D.; Robinson, M.; Schubert, M.; Schultz, K.; Shulman, H.; Turner, M.; Vogelsang, G.; Flowers, M.E. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagno-sis and staging working group report. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant., 2005, 11(12), 945-956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.09.004] [PMID: 16338616]
[76]
Sobin, L.H.; Gospodarowicz, M.K.; Wittekind, C. TNM classification of malignant tumours; John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[77]
Fearon, K.; Strasser, F.; Anker, S.D.; Bosaeus, I.; Bruera, E.; Fainsinger, R.L.; Jatoi, A.; Loprinzi, C.; MacDonald, N.; Mantovani, G.; Davis, M.; Muscaritoli, M.; Ottery, F.; Radbruch, L.; Ravasco, P.; Walsh, D.; Wilcock, A.; Kaasa, S.; Baracos, V.E. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus. Lancet Oncol., 2011, 12(5), 489-495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7] [PMID: 21296615]
[78]
Frangioni, J.V. New technologies for human cancer imaging. J. Clin. Oncol., 2008, 26(24), 4012-4021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.3065] [PMID: 18711192]
[79]
Flower, M.A. Webb’s physics of medical imaging; CRC Press, 2012.
[80]
Barentsz, J.; Takahashi, S.; Oyen, W.; Mus, R.; De Mulder, P.; Reznek, R.; Oudkerk, M.; Mali, W. Commonly used imaging techniques for diagnosis and staging. J. Clin. Oncol., 2006, 24(20), 3234-3244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.5946] [PMID: 16829647]
[81]
Fass, L. Imaging and cancer: A review. Mol. Oncol., 2008, 2(2), 115-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2008.04.001] [PMID: 19383333]
[82]
Alfano, R.R.; Ganesan, S.; Katz, A.; Yuanlong, Y. Detection of cancer and precancerous conditions in tissues and/or cells using native fluorescence excitation spectroscopy; Google Patents, 2000.
[83]
Pace, L.E.; Keating, N.L. A systematic assessment of benefits and risks to guide breast cancer screening decisions. JAMA, 2014, 311(13), 1327-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.1398] [PMID: 24691608]
[84]
Chinen, A.B.; Guan, C.M.; Ferrer, J.R.; Barnaby, S.N.; Merkel, T.J.; Mirkin, C.A. Nanoparticle probes for the detection of cancer biomarkers, cells, and tissues by fluorescence. Chem. Rev., 2015, 115(19), 10530-10574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [PMID: 26313138]
[85]
Schöder, H.; Gönen, M. Screening for cancer with PET and PET/CT: Potential and limitations. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48(1)(Suppl. 1), 4S-18S.
[PMID: 17204716]
[86]
Jokerst, J.V.; Raamanathan, A.; Christodoulides, N.; Floriano, P.N.; Pollard, A.A.; Simmons, G.W.; Wong, J.; Gage, C.; Furmaga, W.B.; Redding, S.W.; McDevitt, J.T. Nano-bio-chips for high performance multiplexed protein detection: de-terminations of cancer biomarkers in serum and saliva using quantum dot bioconjugate labels. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2009, 24(12), 3622-3629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.05.026] [PMID: 19576756]
[87]
Rusling, J.F.; Kumar, C.V.; Gutkind, J.S.; Patel, V. Measurement of biomarker proteins for point-of-care early detec-tion and monitoring of cancer. Analyst (Lond.), 2010, 135(10), 2496-2511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0an00204f] [PMID: 20614087]
[88]
Newman, J.D.; Setford, S.J. Enzymatic biosensors. Mol. Biotechnol., 2006, 32(3), 249-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/MB:32:3:249] [PMID: 16632890]
[89]
Dhand, C.; Das, M.; Datta, M.; Malhotra, B.D. Recent advances in polyaniline based biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2011, 26(6), 2811-2821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.017] [PMID: 21112204]
[90]
Kirsch, J.; Siltanen, C.; Zhou, Q.; Revzin, A.; Simonian, A. Biosensor technology: recent advances in threat agent de-tec-tion and medicine. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42(22), 8733-8768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60141b] [PMID: 23852443]
[91]
Shruthi, G.S.; Amitha, C.V.; Mathew, B.B. Biosensors: a modern day achievement. J Instrument Technol, 2014, 2, 26-39.
[92]
Chinnathambi, S.; Chen, S.; Ganesan, S.; Hanagata, N. Silicon quantum dots for biological applications. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 2014, 3(1), 10-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201300157] [PMID: 23949967]
[93]
Bhalla, N.; Jolly, P.; Formisano, N.; Estrela, P. Introduction to biosensors. Essays Biochem., 2016, 60(1), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/EBC20150001] [PMID: 27365030]
[94]
Kotwal, S.M.; Shankar, V. Immobilized invertase. Biotechnol. Adv., 2009, 27(4), 311-322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.009] [PMID: 19472508]
[95]
Renneberg, R.; Pfeiffer, D.; Lisdat, F.; Wilson, G.; Wollenberger, U.; Ligler, F.; Turner, A.P.F. Frieder Scheller and the short history of biosensors, Biosensing for the 21st Century; Springer, 2007, pp. 1-18.
[96]
Newman, J.D.; Turner, A.P.F. Historical perspective of biosensor and biochip development. In: Handbook of biosensors and biochips; , 2008.
[97]
Yoo, E.-H.; Lee, S.-Y. Glucose biosensors: An overview of use in clinical practice. Sensors (Basel), 2010, 10(5), 4558-4576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100504558] [PMID: 22399892]
[98]
Newman, J.D.; Turner, A.P.F. Home blood glucose biosensors: A commercial perspective. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2005, 20(12), 2435-2453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2004.11.012] [PMID: 15854818]
[99]
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R.; Leddy, J.; Zoski, C.G. Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications; Wiley New York, 2001.
[100]
Yamauchi, S. Chemical sensor technology; Elsevier, 2012.
[101]
Pires, N.M.M.; Dong, T.; Hanke, U.; Hoivik, N. Recent developments in optical detection technologies in lab-on-a-chip devices for biosensing applications. Sensors (Basel), 2014, 14(8), 15458-15479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140815458] [PMID: 25196161]
[102]
Pividori, M.I.; Merkoçi, A.; Alegret, S. Electrochemical genosensor design: Immobilisation of oligonucleotides onto transducer surfaces and detection methods. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2000, 15(5-6), 291-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(00)00071-3] [PMID: 11219741]
[103]
Putzbach, W.; Ronkainen, N.J. Immobilization techniques in the fabrication of nanomaterial-based electro-chemical biosensors: A review. Sensors (Basel), 2013, 13(4), 4811-4840.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130404811] [PMID: 23580051]
[104]
Gubala, V.; Harris, L.F.; Ricco, A.J.; Tan, M.X.; Williams, D.E. Point of care diagnostics: Status and future. Anal. Chem., 2012, 84(2), 487-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac2030199] [PMID: 22221172]
[105]
Akinfieva, O.; Nabiev, I.; Sukhanova, A. New directions in quantum dot-based cytometry detection of can-cer serum markers and tumor cells. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2013, 86(1), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.004] [PMID: 23058250]
[106]
Zhang, W.; Wang, M.L.; Cranford, S.W. Ranking of molecular biomarker interaction with targeted DNA nu-cleobases via full atomistic molecular dynamics. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 18659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep18659] [PMID: 26750747]
[107]
Varghese, S.S.; Zhu, Y.; Davis, T.J.; Trowell, S.C. FRET for lab-on-a-chip devices - current trends and future prospects. Lab Chip, 2010, 10(11), 1355-1364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b924271f] [PMID: 20480105]
[108]
Gerard, M.; Chaubey, A.; Malhotra, B.D. Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2002, 17(5), 345-359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00312-8] [PMID: 11888724]
[109]
Luo, X.; Morrin, A.; Killard, A.J.; Smyth, M.R. Application of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Electroanalysis, 2006, 18(4), 319-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200503415]
[110]
Kuila, T.; Bose, S.; Khanra, P.; Mishra, A.K.; Kim, N.H.; Lee, J.H. Recent advances in graphene-based bio-sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2011, 26(12), 4637-4648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.039] [PMID: 21683572]
[111]
Liu, Y.; Li, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zuo, G.; Cheng, Z.; Yu, H. Nanogram per milliliter-level immunologic detection of alpha-fetoprotein with integrated rotating-resonance microcantilevers for early-stage diagnosis of heptocellular carcinoma. Biomed. Microdevices, 2009, 11(1), 183-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-008-9223-2] [PMID: 18819006]
[112]
Ashraf, M.W.; Tayyaba, S.; Afzulpurkar, N. Micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) based microfluidic devices for biomedical applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2011, 12(6), 3648-3704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12063648] [PMID: 21747700]
[113]
Akyildiz, I.F.; Jornet, J.M. Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. Nano Commun. Netw., 2010, 1(1), 3-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2010.04.001]
[114]
Segal, A.; Wong, D.T. Salivary diagnostics: Enhancing disease detection and making medicine better. Eur. J. Dent. Educ., 2008, 12(Suppl. 1), 22-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2007.00477.x] [PMID: 18289265]
[115]
Greabu, M.; Battino, M.; Mohora, M.; Totan, A.; Didilescu, A.; Spinu, T.; Totan, C.; Miricescu, D.; Rad-ulescu, R. Sali-va--a diagnostic window to the body, both in health and in disease. J. Med. Life, 2009, 2(2), 124-132.
[PMID: 20108531]
[116]
Lima, D.P.; Diniz, D.G.; Moimaz, S.A.S.; Sumida, D.H.; Okamoto, A.C. Saliva: Reflection of the body. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2010, 14(3), e184-e188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.04.022] [PMID: 19726214]
[117]
Gill, J.K.; Kaur, M.; Kaur, K.; Goel, S. Salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic indicator-a brief review. J. Adv. Med. Dent. Sci. Res., 2017, 5(1), 87.
[118]
Strimbu, K.; Tavel, J.A. What are biomarkers? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2010, 5(6), 463-466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177] [PMID: 20978388]
[119]
Yoshizawa, J.M.; Schafer, C.A.; Schafer, J.J.; Farrell, J.J.; Paster, B.J.; Wong, D.T.W. Salivary biomarkers: Toward future clinical and diagnostic utilities. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2013, 26(4), 781-791.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00021-13] [PMID: 24092855]
[120]
Delaney, K.P.; Branson, B.M.; Uniyal, A.; Kerndt, P.R.; Keenan, P.A.; Jafa, K.; Gardner, A.D.; Jamieson, D.J.; Bulterys, M. Performance of an oral fluid rapid HIV-1/2 test: experience from four CDC studies. AIDS, 2006, 20(12), 1655-1660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000238412.75324.82] [PMID: 16868447]
[121]
Zava, D. Saliva hormone testing; Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, 2004, pp. 120-124.
[122]
Wang, X.; Kaczor-Urbanowicz, K.E.; Wong, D.T.W. Salivary biomarkers in cancer detection. Med. Oncol., 2017, 34(1), 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12032-016-0863-4] [PMID: 27943101]
[123]
Lee, J.M.; Garon, E.; Wong, D.T. Salivary diagnostics. Orthod. Craniofac. Res., 2009, 12(3), 206-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01454.x] [PMID: 19627522]
[124]
Miller, C.S.; Foley, J.D.; Bailey, A.L.; Campell, C.L.; Humphries, R.L.; Christodoulides, N.; Floriano, P.N.; Simmons, G.; Bhagwandin, B.; Jacobson, J.W.; Redding, S.W.; Ebersole, J.L.; McDevitt, J.T. Current developments in salivary di-agnostics. Biomarkers Med., 2010, 4(1), 171-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bmm.09.68] [PMID: 20387312]
[125]
Nunes, L.A.; Mussavira, S.; Bindhu, O.S.; Sukumaran Bindhu, O. Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid: a systematic review. Biochem. Med. (Zagreb), 2015, 25(2), 177-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.018] [PMID: 26110030]
[126]
Hassaneen, M.; Maron, J.L. Salivary diagnostics in pediatrics: Applicability, translatability, and limitations. Front. Public Health, 2017, 5, 83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00083] [PMID: 28473973]
[127]
Yuvaraj, M.; Udayakumar, K.; Jayanth, V.; Prakasa Rao, A.; Bharanidharan, G.; Koteeswaran, D.; Munusamy, B.D.; Murali Krishna, C.; Ganesan, S. Fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary metabolites of oral cancer pa-tients. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2014, 130, 153-160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.11.006] [PMID: 24333763]
[128]
Streckfus, C.F.; Dubinsky, W.P.J.E.r.o.p. Proteomic analysis of saliva for cancer diagnosis., 2007, 4(3), 329-332.
[129]
Chen, D.X.; Schwartz, P.E.; Li, X.G.; Yang, Z. Evaluation of CA 125 levels in differentiating malignant from benign tumors in patients with pelvic masses. Obstet. Gynecol., 1988, 72(1), 23-27.
[PMID: 3164105]
[130]
Schapher, M.; Wendler, O.; Gröschl, M.; Schäfer, R.; Iro, H.; Zenk, J. Salivary leptin as a candidate diagnostic marker in salivary gland tumors. Clin. Chem., 2009, 55(5), 914-922.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.116939] [PMID: 19299541]
[131]
Hu, S.; Arellano, M.; Boontheung, P.; Wang, J.; Zhou, H.; Jiang, J.; Elashoff, D.; Wei, R.; Loo, J.A.; Wong, D.T. Salivary proteomics for oral cancer biomarker discovery. Clin. Cancer Res., 2008, 14(19), 6246-6252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5037] [PMID: 18829504]
[132]
Park, N.J.; Zhou, H.; Elashoff, D.; Henson, B.S.; Kastratovic, D.A.; Abemayor, E.; Wong, D.T. Salivary mi-croRNA: Discovery, characterization, and clinical utility for oral cancer detection. Clin. Cancer Res., 2009, 15(17), 5473-5477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0736] [PMID: 19706812]
[133]
Li, Y.; St John, M.A.; Zhou, X.; Kim, Y.; Sinha, U.; Jordan, R.C.K.; Eisele, D.; Abemayor, E.; Elashoff, D.; Park, N-H.; Wong, D.T. Salivary transcriptome diagnostics for oral cancer detection. Clin. Cancer Res., 2004, 10(24), 8442-8450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1167] [PMID: 15623624]
[134]
Kaufman, E.; Lamster, I.B. The diagnostic applications of saliva--a review. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 2002, 13(2), 197-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300209] [PMID: 12097361]
[135]
Nisman, B.; Lafair, J.; Heching, N.; Lyass, O.; Baras, M.; Peretz, T.; Barak, V. Evaluation of tissue polypep-tide specific antigen, CYFRA 21-1, and carcinoembryonic antigen in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer, 1998, 82(10), 1850-1859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980515)82:10<1850::AIDCNCR6>3.0.CO;2-R] [PMID: 9587116]
[136]
Steen Redeker, E.; Ta, D.T.; Cortens, D.; Billen, B.; Guedens, W.; Adriaensens, P. Protein engineering for di-rected im-mobilization. Bioconjug. Chem., 2013, 24(11), 1761-1777.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc4002823] [PMID: 24160176]
[137]
Kumar, S.; Kumar, S.; Tiwari, S.; Srivastava, S.; Srivastava, M.; Yadav, B.K.; Kumar, S.; Tran, T.T.; Dewan, A.K.; Mulchandani, A.; Sharma, J.G.; Maji, S.; Malhotra, B.D. Biofunctionalized nanostructured zirconia for biomedical ap-plication: a smart approach for oral cancer detection. Adv. Sci. (Weinh.), 2015, 2(8), 1500048.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500048] [PMID: 27980963]
[138]
Vashist, S.K.; Tewari, R.; Bajpai, R.P.; Bharadwaj, L.M.; Raiteri, R. Review of quantum dot technologies for cancer detection and treatment. AZojono J. Nanotechnol., 2006, 2, 1-14.
[139]
Tiwari, A.; Dhoble, S.J. Stabilization of ZnS nanoparticles by polymeric matrices: syntheses, optical properties and re-cent applications. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(69), 64400-64420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6RA13108E]
[140]
Liu, J.; Peng, Q. Protein-gold nanoparticle interactions and their possible impact on biomedical applications. Acta Biomater., 2017, 55, 13-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.055] [PMID: 28377307]
[141]
Misra, S.K.; Schwartz-Duval, A.S.; Ostadhossein, F.; Daza, E.A.; Saldivar, Z.M.; Sharma, B.K.; Pan, D. α-Amino acid rich photophytonic nanoparticles of algal origin serendipitously reveal antimigratory property against cancer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9(25), 21147-21154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b04962] [PMID: 28581711]
[142]
Ramakrishna, B.; Sai, V.V.R. Evanescent wave absorbance based U-bent fiber probe for immunobiosensor with gold nanoparticle labels. Sens. Actuators B Chem., 2016, 226, 184-190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.107]
[143]
Xiao, L.; Zhu, A.; Xu, Q.; Chen, Y.; Xu, J.; Weng, J. Colorimetric Biosensor for Detection of Cancer Bi-omarker by Au Nanoparticle-Decorated Bi2Se3 Nanosheets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9(8), 6931-6940.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b15750] [PMID: 28164701]
[144]
Lu, N.; Gao, A.; Dai, P.; Mao, H.; Zuo, X.; Fan, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, T. Ultrasensitive detection of dual cancer bi-omarkers with integrated cmos-compatible nanowire arrays. Anal. Chem., 2015, 87(22), 11203-11208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01729] [PMID: 26473941]
[145]
Cámara-Martos, F.; da Costa, J.; Justino, C.I.L.; Cardoso, S.; Duarte, A.C.; Rocha-Santos, T. Disposable bio-sensor for detection of iron (III) in wines. Talanta, 2016, 154, 80-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.057] [PMID: 27154651]
[146]
Ornatska, M.; Sharpe, E.; Andreescu, D.; Andreescu, S. Paper bioassay based on ceria nanoparticles as color-imetric probes. Anal. Chem., 2011, 83(11), 4273-4280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac200697y] [PMID: 21524141]
[147]
Sarangi, S.N.; Nozaki, S.; Sahu, S.N. ZnO nanorod-based non-enzymatic optical glucose biosensor. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 2015, 11(6), 988-996.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2015.2048] [PMID: 26353588]
[148]
Komathi, S.; Muthuchamy, N.; Lee, K.P.; Gopalan, A.I. Fabrication of a novel dual mode cholesterol biosen-sor using titanium dioxide nanowire bridged 3D graphene nanostacks. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 84, 64-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.042] [PMID: 26611566]
[149]
Roychoudhury, A.; Basu, S.; Jha, S.K. Dopamine biosensor based on surface functionalized nanostructured nickel oxide platform. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 84, 72-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.061] [PMID: 26626970]
[150]
Gasparotto, G.; Costa, J.P.C.; Costa, P.I.; Zaghete, M.A.; Mazon, T. Electrochemical immunosensor based on ZnO na-norods-Au nanoparticles nanohybrids for ovarian cancer antigen CA-125 detection. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2017, 76, 1240-1247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.031] [PMID: 28482492]
[151]
Chen, X.; Li, G.; Zhang, G.; Hou, K.; Pan, H.; Du, M. Self-assembly of palladium nanoparticles on functional TiO2 nanotubes for a nonenzymatic glucose sensor. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2016, 62, 323-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.068] [PMID: 26952430]
[152]
Pandey, C.M.; Dewan, S.; Chawla, S.; Yadav, B.K.; Sumana, G.; Malhotra, B.D. Controlled deposition of functionalized silica coated zinc oxide nano-assemblies at the air/water interface for blood cancer detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2016, 937, 29-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.024] [PMID: 27590542]
[153]
Pan, L.-H.; Kuo, S.-H.; Lin, T.-Y.; Lin, C.-W.; Fang, P.-Y.; Yang, H.-W. An electrochemical biosensor to simul-taneously detect VEGF and PSA for early prostate cancer diagnosis based on graphene oxide/ssDNA/PLLA nanoparticles. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2017, 89(Pt 1), 598-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.077] [PMID: 26868935]
[154]
Yagati, A.K.; Choi, Y.; Park, J.; Choi, J.-W.; Jun, H.-S.; Cho, S. Silver nanoflower-reduced graphene oxide composite based micro-disk electrode for insulin detection in serum. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 80, 307-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.086] [PMID: 26852199]
[155]
Kumar, S.; Sharma, J.G.; Maji, S.; Malhotra, B.D. Nanostructured zirconia decorated reduced graphene oxide based efficient biosensing platform for non-invasive oral cancer detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2016, 78, 497-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.084] [PMID: 26657594]
[156]
Kumar, S.; Kumar, S.; Tiwari, S.; Augustine, S.; Srivastava, S.; Yadav, B.K.; Malhotra, B.D. Highly sensitive protein functionalized nanostructured hafnium oxide based biosensing platform for non-invasive oral cancer detection. Sens. Actuators B Chem., 2016, 235, 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.05.047]
[157]
Tiwari, S.; Gupta, P.K.; Bagbi, Y.; Sarkar, T.; Solanki, P.R. L-cysteine capped lanthanum hydroxide nanostructures for non-invasive detection of oral cancer biomarker. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2017, 89(Pt 2), 1042-1052.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.020] [PMID: 27825517]
[158]
Ali, M.A.; Mondal, K.; Jiao, Y.; Oren, S.; Xu, Z.; Sharma, A.; Dong, L. Microfluidic immuno-biochip for detec-tion of breast cancer biomarkers using hierarchical composite of porous graphene and titanium dioxide nanofibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8(32), 20570-20582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05648] [PMID: 27442623]
[159]
Connolly, J.M.; Davies, K.; Kazakeviciute, A.; Wheatley, A.M.; Dockery, P.; Keogh, I.; Olivo, M. Non-invasive and label-free detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma using saliva surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Nanomedicine (Lond.), 2016, 12(6), 1593-1601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.021] [PMID: 27015768]
[160]
Lee, S.H.; Choi, S.; Kwon, K.; Bae, N-H.; Kwak, B.S.; Cho, W.C.; Lee, S.J.; Jung, H-I. A photothermal biosen-sor for detection of C-reactive protein in human saliva. Sens. Actuators B Chem., 2017, 246, 471-476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.188]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy