Units

The following guidelines for using units should be observed.

(1) The number (numeral) should be separated from the unit followed by a full space, e.g., 1.8 MeV.

(2) The units should have a single form for both singular and plural, i.e., 1.0 cm and 2.7 cm.

(3) The symbols for units should be printed in lower-case roman type without periods. Units derived from proper names, however, should be abbreviated with initial capital letters, i.e., coulomb (C), Weber (Wb).

(4) The abbreviated form of a unit must be used after a number given in numerals: 1 cm (not 1 centimeter) but the unit should be written out in cases like “a few centimeters.”

(5) Decimal multiples of units should be indicated by the use of prefixes. The combination of prefix and unit symbol is treated as a single symbol. For instance, such a combination can be raised to a power, i.e., cm². Compound units should be written ad 1 g cm² or g cm² s-², with a thin space between unit parts. Avoid ambiguous compound units, e.g., J/cm³/s. Write instead, for example, 6 J cm ^-3 s^-1.

Symbols
Mathematical symbols must be defined immediately where they are introduced.

Characters

Character fonts

The italic font should be used for mathematical symbols (this is the default font in *TeX/LaTeX’s math mode). In addition to variables and constants, the italic font should be used for chapter symbols, symbols of quantum states, and group-theoretic designations.

Diacritical signs:

A diacritical sign is a marking placed directly above or below symbols, e.g., the arrow in .



Subscripts and superscripts:

All available characters can be used as subscripts or superscripts.
Position of a subscript or superscript is dictated by standard notation.

Examples:



Abbreviations in math:

Some abbreviations, such as those for mathematical functions and those used in superscripts or subscripts require special handling and are discussed below.

Abbreviations designating mathematical functions:

• Roman multiletter abbreviations must be closed up to the argument following and separated from any preceding symbol by a thin space, that is,

• To treat a function of a function, it should be enclosed in bold round parentheses, i.e., g(f(x))

• e and exp (for exponent) notation

The e form is appropriate when the argument is short and simple, i.e., e^ik·r, whereas exp should be used if the argument is more complicated.

Equation breaking (multilinear equations):

Mathematical expressions often need to be displayed on two or more lines (“broken”)

The best place for a break is just before an operator or sign of relation. These signs should begin on the next line of the equation.

Equation numbering:

A principal equation and subordinate equations may be numbered (1), (1a), (1b), etc.

Bracketing and Grouping sequence:

For the purpose of grouping, the sequence of bracketing preferred is {[()]}, working outwards in sets ( ), [ ], and {}.

{ [ ( { [ ( ) ] } ) ] }

Limits and indices:

In text, however, space limitations require that single limit sums or integrals use subscripts and superscripts, for example,

Fractions:

Fractions can be “built up” with a fraction bar, a+b c, “slashed” with a solidus, (a + b)/c, or written with a negative exponent, (a + b)c^_1. In text, all fractions must be either slashed or written with a negative exponent.

Multiplication signs:

The primary use of the multiplication sign is to indicate a vector product of three-vectors (e.g., k x A). Do not use it to express a simple product.

The center dot (•) should not be used to mean a simple product. Use the dot to represent inner products of vectors (k • r).

Mathematical terms:

The use of the following standard symbols is recommended.


Deposition of Data
Data of organic and metal-organic structures should be sent by e-mail to the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). The preferred mode of deposition is a standard ASCII file. Wherever possible, the CIF format should be used but other formats will be accepted as well. Data can also be deposited as a hard-copy. A checklist of data items for deposition can be obtained from the CCDC Home Page on the World Wide Web (http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk) or by e-mail (fileserv@ccdc.cam.ac.uk) with the one-line message "send me checklist". Address for e-mail deposition: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk. The hard-copy deposition should be addressed to: CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK The crystallographic data associated with inorganic structures should be deposited with the Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe. FIZ accepts the data deposited in electronic form only (preferably in CIF format). Deposition guidelines and example files can be obtained from the website http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de; for other products deposition of crystal structure data: crysdata@fiz-karlsruhe.de. Both databases provide the author with a deposition number which will be published in a footnote of the contribution in the journal.

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* Maths

Equations and Mathematical Expressions
1. The use of built-up fractions in the text should be avoided. If not avoided by the author(s), built-up fractions will be converted to equivalent expressions on the line when the paper is copyedited. In display matter, however, built-up fractions are preferred for clarity.

2. The use of small-type mathematical expressions centered above or below arrows should be avoided. If possible, try to use an alternative format.

3. In the exponential function, exponents having more than one or two characters should be avoided.

4. Avoid the use of reference numbers for equations that are not subsequently referred to in the paper should also be avoided. Costs are reduced if short mathematical equations and other expressions in the text are run in (instead of each being displayed on a separate line). Authors must expect that, when accepted papers are copyedited, "excess" equation reference numbers get deleted and short equations run in with text.

5. Be sure to indicate special marking for symbols (e.g., italics, boldface) and clearly identify any unusual symbols. Underscored symbols should be avoided because they often require hand composition and opening up lines and thus are expensive. In vector notations, which letters or notations, if any, may be set in boldface type should be indicated. It should be specified if asterisks are to be set in superscript position or centered on the line.

6. All equations should be indented and numbered as follows: (1)

7. Equation number should be right justified. Put three dots(...) midway between the end of the equation and the equation number.

8. Punctuation should not be used at the end of an equation.

9. Particular care should be taken to distinguish between the number zero (0) and the letter O; the number one (1) and the letter l, the Roman letter v and the Greek letter nu (n). The decimal logarithm should be written "log" and the natural log "ln". The abbreviation of the exponential function is a roman e (for example, e ^x) or exp (for example, exp (u² + n)). In expressions of the type dxdt, the letter d (derivative function) is always written in roman, whereas the physical parameter (x or t) is always in italics. Numbers are written in numerals when they are followed by units, these being represented by their SI symbols (10 % but a few percent).

10. In numerals, each group of three numbers should be separated by a space (except for dates and postal codes).

11. Authors should provide the equations in *TeX/LaTeX file format separately as well as embedded in the chapter.

XVI. MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL
Mathematical symbols must be defined immediately where they are introduced.

Characters

Character fonts

The italic font should be used for mathematical symbols (this is the default font in *TeX/LaTeX’s math mode). In addition to variables and constants, the italic font should be used for chapter symbols, symbols of quantum states, and group-theoretic designations.

Diacritical signs:

A diacritical sign is a marking placed directly above or below symbols, e.g., the arrow in .



Subscripts and superscripts:

All available characters can be used as subscripts or superscripts.
Position of a subscript or superscript is dictated by standard notation.

Examples:



Abbreviations in math:

Some abbreviations, such as those for mathematical functions and those used in superscripts or subscripts require special handling and are discussed below.

Abbreviations designating mathematical functions:

• Roman multiletter abbreviations must be closed up to the argument following and separated from any preceding symbol by a thin space, that is,

• To treat a function of a function, it should be enclosed in bold round parentheses, i.e.,
g(f(x))
• e and exp (for exponent) notation

The e form is appropriate when the argument is short and simple, i.e., e^ik·r, whereas exp should be used if the argument is more complicated.

Equation breaking (multilinear equations):

Mathematical expressions often need to be displayed on two or more lines (“broken”)

The best place for a break is just before an operator or sign of relation. These signs should begin the next line of the equation.

Equation numbering:

A principal equation and subordinate equations may be numbered (1), (1a), (1b), etc.

Bracketing and Grouping sequence:

For the purpose of grouping, the sequence of bracketing preferred is {[()]}, working outwards in sets ( ), [ ], and {}.

{ [ ( { [ ( ) ] } ) ] }

Limits and indices:

In text, however, space limitations require that single limit sums or integrals use subscripts and superscripts, for example,

Fractions:

Fractions can be “built up” with a fraction bar, a+b c, “slashed” with a solidus, (a + b)/c, or written with a negative exponent, (a + b)c-¹. In text all fractions must be either slashed or written with a negative exponent.

Multiplication signs:

The primary use of the multiplication sign is to indicate a vector product of three-vectors (e.g., k x A). Do not use it to express a simple product.

The center dot (•) should not be used to mean a simple product. The dot should be used to represent inner products of vectors (k • r).

Mathematical terms:

The use of the following standard symbols is recommended.

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* Social Sciences
In case the chapter contains quantitative evidence and analysis, the procedures should be described in sufficient detail for convenient evaluation. For instance, for surveys, at the least, sampling procedures, response rates, and question wordings should be given; the response rates should be calculated according to one of the standard formulas given by the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Standard Definitions: (http://www.aapor.org/standards.asp). Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys (Lenexa, KS: AAPOR, 2006). For experiments, full descriptions of experimental protocols, methods of subject recruitment and selection, subject payments and debriefing procedures, and so on, should be provided and not just simply refer red to readers to other publications for descriptions of these basic research procedures.

The variables included in statistical analyses should be indicated by capitalizing the first letter in the variable name and italicizing the entire variable name the first time each it is mentioned in the text. The use of the names for variables should be consistent throughout i.e. in text, tables, and figures. Wherever possible, the use of acronyms and computer abbreviations when discussing variables in the text should be avoided. All variables appearing in tables and figures should be mentioned in the text and the reason for their inclusion discussed.

Ethical Approval of Studies and Informed Consent: For human or animal experimental investigations, it is a prerequisite to provide a formal review and approval, or review and waiver, by an appropriate institutional review board or Social Sciences committee and should be documented in your paper. For investigations undertaken on human subjects, the manner in which the informed consent was obtained from the study participants (i.e., oral or written) should be stated in the Methods section, where there is an unavoidable risk of breach of privacy- e.g., in a clinical photograph or in case details- the patient’s written consent or that of the next of kin, to publication must be obtained. The authors will be requested to send a signed consent form before publication. Consent must be obtained for all Case Reports and Clinical Pictures.

The authors are advised to present and discuss their observations in brief. The chapter style must be uniform throughout the text and 10 pt Times New Roman fonts should be used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede its first appearance in the text unless it is a standard unit of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square brackets in the text. Italics should be used for Binomial names of organisms (Genus and Species), for emphasis and for unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin or other languages should also be italicized e.g. in vivo, in vitro, per se, et al. etc. Generic or clinical names should be used for all compounds. The species of any animals should be stated precisely. Materials and products should be identified in the text followed by the trade name in brackets.

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TABLES

* Data Tables should be submitted in Microsoft Word table format.
* Each table should include a title/caption being explanatory in itself with respect to the details discussed in the table. Detailed legends may then follow.
* Table number in bold font i.e. Table 1, should follow a title. The title should be in small case with the first letter in caps. A full stop should be placed at the end of the title.
* Tables should be embedded in the text exactly according to their appropriate placement in the submitted chapter.
* Columns and rows of data should be made visibly distinct by ensuring that the borders of each cell are displayed as black lines.
* Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially in order of their citation in the body of the text.
* If a reference is cited in both the table and text, a lettered footnote should be inserted in the table to refer to the numbered reference in the text.
* Tabular data provided as additional files can be submitted as an Excel spreadsheet.

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FIGURE/ILLUSTRATIONS
The authors should provide the illustrations as separate files, as well as embedded in the text file, numbered consecutively in the order of their appearance. Each figure should include a single illustration. No charges will be levied on the use of color figures except in the reprints. Each figure should be closely cropped to minimize the amount of white space surrounding the illustration.

If a figure consists of separate parts, it is important that a single composite illustration file be submitted, containing all parts of the figure.

Photographs should be provided with a scale bar if appropriate, as well as high-resolution component files.

FORMATS: For illustrations, the following file formats are acceptable:
• Illustrator

•EPS (preferred format for diagrams)

• PDF (also especially suitable for diagrams)

• PNG (preferred format for photos or images)

• Microsoft Word (version 5 and above; figures must be a single page)

• PowerPoint (figures must be a single page)

• TIFF

• JPEG (conversion should be done using the original file)

• BMP

• CDX (ChemDraw)

• TGF (ISISDraw)

Bentham eBook does not process figures submitted in GIF format.

If the large size of TIFF or EPS figures acts as an obstacle to online submission, authors may find that conversion to JPEG format before submission results in significantly reduced file size and upload time, while retaining acceptable quality. JPEG is a 'lossy' format, however. In order to maintain acceptable image quality, it is recommended that JPEG files be saved at High or Maximum quality.

Files should not be compressed with tools such as Zipit or Stuffit prior to submission as these tools will in any case produce negligible file-size savings for JPEGs and TIFFs, which are already compressed.

SCALING/RESOLUTION: For Line Art image type, which is generally an image based on lines and text and does not contain tonal or shaded areas, the preferred file format is TIFF or EPS, with colour mode being Monochrome 1-bit or RGB, in a resolution of 900-1200 dpi.

For Halftone image type, which is generally a continuous tone photograph and contains no text, the preferred file format is TIFF, with colour mode being or RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of 300 dpi.

For Combination image type, which is generally an image containing halftone in addition to text or line art elements, the preferred file format is TIFF, with colour mode being or RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of 500-900 dpi.

STRUCTURES: The structures should fit into a width of 12.6 cm. chemical structures must be drawn in ChemDraw (CDX) / ISISDraw (TGF)) as separate files.

PLEASE DO NOT:
1. Supply embedded graphics in your word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;
2. Supply files that are optimized for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
3. Supply files that are too low in resolution;
4. Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

IMAGE CONVERSION TOOLS: There are many software packages, many of them freeware or shareware, capable of converting to and from different graphics formats, including PNG.

Good general tools for image conversion include GraphicConverter on the Macintosh, PaintShop Pro, for Windows, and ImageMagick, which are available on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX platforms.

Note that bitmap images (e.g. screenshots) should not be converted to EPS, since this will result in a much larger file size than the equivalent JPEG, TIFF, PNG or BMP, with no increase in quality. EPS should only be used for images produced by vector-drawing applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw. Most vector-drawing applications can be saved in, or exported as, EPS format. In case the images have been originally prepared in an Office application, such as Word or PowerPoint, then the original Office files should be directly uploaded to the site, instead of being converted to JPEG or another format that may be of low quality.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author may acknowledge anyone (individual/company/institution) who has contributed to the study by making substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, or who was involved in drafting the chapter or revising it critically for important intellectual content. The author may also list the source(s) of funding for the study, for each author, and for the chapter preparation in the acknowledgements section.

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REFERENCES
For eBooks in biomedical disciplines, references must be listed in the numerical system (Vancouver), for chemistry and related disciplines in the ACS style, for engineering and ancillary disciplines the IEEE style of references, APA style for social and behavioral sciences and Harvard Style for health sciences disciplines. References in Vancouver, ACS and IEEE style should be numbered sequentially [in square brackets] in the text and listed in the same numerical order in the reference section. The reference numbers must be finalized and the bibliography must be fully formatted before submission.

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* Vancouver Style
See below few examples of references listed in the correct Vancouver style:

Typical Paper Reference:
[1] Anderson SJ, Lenburg M, Landau NR, Garcia JV. The cytoplasmic domain of CD4 is sufficient for its down-regulation from the cell surface by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef. J Virol 1994; 68: 3092-01.

[2] Banda NK, Bernier J, Kurahara DK, et al. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1099-06.

Typical Chapter Reference:
[3] Watkins JC. Twenty-five Years of Excitatory Amino Acid Research. In: Roberts PJ, Storm-Mathisen J, Bradford H, Eds. Excitatory Amino Acids. Chichester, MacMillan Press, 1986; pp. 1-39.

Book Reference:
[4] O’ connor CC, Wen LM, Rissel CE, Shaw M. Sexual Behaviour and Risk in Vietnamese Men living in Metropolitan Sydney. Sex Transm Infect. Sydney, Australia 2006.

Edited Book:
[5] Crandell KA, Ed. The Evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 1999; pp. 3-4.

Conference Paper:
[6] Schleyer TK, Teasley SD, Bhatnagar R. Comparative case study of two biomedical research collaboratories, Los Angeles, California: USA 2001; pp. 166-9.

Conference Proceedings:
[7] Ippolito G, Comandini VU, Nicastri E. The legal proceeding on the use of genotypic assays for the detection of HIV antiretroviral resistance, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome: Italy 2003

Journal Article on the Internet:
[8] Diana MG, Sandra EMD, Ramyani G, Pat AT, Catherine SP. Factors affecting uptake of antenatal HIV testing in London: Result of multicentre study 1998. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 1998 Jan 24. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/316/7127/259

Journal with Part / Supplement:
If a journal carries continuous pagination throughout the volume, then the issue number can be omitted.

Issue with Supplement:
[10] Loewenson R. Equity and including in the responses to AIDS, AIDS Care, 2007; 19(Suppl 1): 83-90.

Volume with Part:
[11] Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Novel broad-spectrum thiourea non nucleoside inhibitors for the prevention of mucosal HIV transmission. 2006; 4(Pt 3): 329-45.

Issue with Part:
[12] Brakel WH, Measuring health- related stigma. 2006; 11(Pt 3): 307-34.

Patent
[13] Alan DC, Richard LJ, Michael JM, Anti-HIV pharmaceutical formulations. US 5670143. 1997.

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* ACS Style

See below few examples of references listed in the correct ACS style:

Journal Reference:
[1] Banner, D. W.; Harvary, P. Crystallographic analysis at 3.0-A resolution of the binding to human thrombin of four active site-directed inhibitors. J. Biol.Chem., 1991, 266, 20085-20093.

Book Reference:
[2] Crabtree, R.H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, 3rd ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001.

Book Chapter Reference:
[3] Wheeler, D.M.S.; Wheeler, M.M. In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry; Atta-ur-Rahman, Ed.; Elsevier Science B. V: Amsterdam, 1994; Vol. 14, pp. 3-46.

Conference Proceedings:
[4] Jakeman, D.L.; Withers, S.G.E. In: Carbohydrate Bioengineering: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Proceedings of the 4th Carbohydrate Bioengineering Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden, June 10-13, 2001; Teeri, T.T.; Svensson, B.; Gilbert, H.J.; Feizi, T., Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 2002; pp. 3-8.

URL (Web Page):
[5] National Library of Medicine. Specialized Information Services: Toxicology and Environmental Health. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html (accessed May 23, 2004).

Patent:
[6] Hoch, J.A.; Huang, S. Screening methods for the identification of novel antibiotics. US 20006043045. 2000.

Thesis:
[7] Kirby, C.W. PhD Thesis. Title, University of Waterloo, 2000.

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* IEEE Style
See below few examples of references listed in the correct IEEE style:

Journal Articles:
[1] G. Liu, K.Y. Lee, and H.F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shufflenets for optical communications", IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.

Books:
[2] U.J. Gelinas, Jr., S.G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Business processes and information technology. Cincinnati: South Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.

Edited Book:
[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Conference Proceedings:
[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, “Power considerations for the modernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CCE/FSU) countries”, in Second International Telecommunication Energy Special Conference Special Conference, 1997, pp. 9-16.

Patent:
[5] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component", U.S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.

Thesis:
[6] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

Electronic Publication:

eBook:
[7] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E book] Available: Safari eBook.

E-Journals:
[8] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with smoothed densities", Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 623-628, March 2004. [Online] Available: www.oxfordjournals.org. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

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* Harvard Style
See below few examples of references listed in the correct Harvard style:

Book:
Flexer, RW, Baer, RM, Luft, P & Simmons, TJ (2008), Transition planning for secondary students with disabilities, 3rd ed., Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Edited book:
Long, PE (Ed.) (1991), A collection of current views on nuclear safety, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Book, edition:
Morton, JS (1984), Wind power: an overview, 2nd edn, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

Chapter in an edited book:
North, D (1980), 'Energy use at home', In: S Scott & N Peel (Eds.), Energy conservation, Academic Press, London.

Article cited in a book:
Oppenheim, PL (1981), 'Power politics', Journal of Power Engineering, 1,3,19-26, quoted in Strong, K 1985, Advances in power engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 70

Journal article:
Culotta, E (2008), 'Hobbit skull suggests a separate species', Science Now, no. 677, p. 2.

Conference paper:
Trump, A (1986), 'Power play', Proceedings of the third annual conference, International Society of Power Engineers, Houston Texas, pp. 40-51.

Patents:
Cookson, AH (1985), Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.

Thesis:
Exelby, HRA (1997), ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

From websites and other Electronic Sources:
Weibel, S (1995), ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7
January (1997), <http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.

ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council, Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <http://astec.gov.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.

Journal Articles

Electronic - Article from a database

Simpson, A (2008), 'Voluntary disclosure of advertising expenditure', Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23,3,403-36, viewed 19 August 2008, EBSCOhost MegaFILE Premier, Business Source Premier, item: AN33064758.

Printed Journal:
Watts, MJ & Mitchell, W (2008), 'Wages and wage determination in 2007', Journal of Industrial Relations, 399-416.

Conference Paper (online)
Raunik, A & Fields, S (2008), 'Getting edgy: the journey of Web 2.0 as an engagement tool', Beyond the hype 2008: Web 2.0, Australian Library and Information Association, Brisbane, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://www.alia.org.au/groups/quill/presentations/raunik.presentation.pdf>.

Electronic books:
McClain, M & Roth JD (1999), Schaum's quick guide to writing great essays , McGraw-Hill, New York, viewed 17 January 2005,
<http://ezproxy.usq.edu.au/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/unisouthernqld/Doc?id=5002145>.

Chapter in an electronic book:
Gould, SJ (2000), 'More things in Heaven and Earth', In: H Rose & S Rose (Eds.), Alas, poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology , Harmony Books, New York, viewed 17 January 2005, <http://ezproxy.usq.edu.au/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/unisouthernqld/Doc?id=10015543>.

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APA Style:
See below few examples of references listed in the correct APA style:

Books:
Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in children (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merill.

Book, revised edition:
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytical procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

(e) Edited book:
Pressley, M. & Brainerd, C. J. (Eds.). (1985). Cognitivelearning and memory in children. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Theses (unpublished)
DOCTORAL AND MASTER'S THESES (UNPUBLISHED)
Swinton, M. A. (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuria.Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Auckland, N.Z.

Chapters/edited books:
Bergmann, I. (1997). Attention Deficit Disorder. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Proceedings:
Rice, D. N., Houston, I. B. & Lyon, I. C. T. (1983). Transient neonatal tyrosinemia. In H. Naruse & M. Irie (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Neonatal Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (pp. 306-310). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.

Reviews:

(a) Review of a book
Schatz, B. R. (1998). Learning to learn. [Review of the book The learner’s guide]. Magpies, 23 (3), p. 12.

Web Pages and Online Documents:
American Psychological Association. (2008). HIV Office on Psychology Education (HOPE). Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/hope.html

Online Periodical Article:
Kawasaki, J. L. & Raven, M.R. (1995, May 2). Computer- administered surveys in extension Journal of Extension, 33(3), 252-255. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

ARTICLES FROM FULL-TEXT DATABASES:
Beulig, A. & Fowler, J. (2008, April). Fish on prozac: Effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cognition in goldfish [Electronic version]. Behavioral Neuroscience, 122(2), 426-432.

ELECTRONIC BOOKS:
i) Burton, R. (1832). The anatomy of melancholy. Retrieved from http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/

ii) McClain, M. & Roth. J. D. (1999). Schaum's quick guide to writing great essays. Retrieved from ebrary database.

(c) Reviews or commentaries

Book reviews:
Morris, S. (2008). Henry Giroux - urgently necessary and necessarily urgent: An essay review [Review of the book Against the terror of neoliberalism: politics beyond the age of greed]. Education Review, 11(3). Retrieved from http://edrev.asu.edu/essays/v11n3index.html

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER:
* All references must be complete and accurate.
* Online citations should include the date of access.
* Take special care of the punctuation convention as described in the above-mentioned examples.
* Use of superscript in the in-text citations and reference section should be avoided.
* Abstracts, unpublished data and personal communications (which can only be included if prior permission has been obtained) should not be given in the reference section but they may be mentioned in the text and details provided as footnotes.
* The authors are encouraged to use a recent version of EndNote (version 5 and above) or Reference Manager (version 10) when formatting their reference list, as this allows references to be automatically extracted.
* For references listed in the Vancouver style:
* Journal titles should conform to the present ACM Guide to Computing Literature/Chemical Abstracts etc. abbreviations.
* If the number of authors exceeds six then et al will be used after three names (the term “et al.” should be in italics).
* For references listed in the ACS style:
* Journal abbreviations should follow the Index Medicus/MEDLINE
* All authors must be cited and there should be no use of the phrase et al (the term
“et al.” should be in italics).
* For references listed in the IEEE style:
* Journal titles should conform to the IEEE Transactions, Journals and Letters abbreviations.
* All authors of referenced papers must be cited and there must be no use of the short hand version of et al.

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COVERING LETTER: COVERING LETTER: It is a mandatory requirement that a signed covering letter also be submitted along with the book/chapter by the author to whom correspondence is to be addressed, delineating the scope of the submitted book/chapter declaring the potential competing interests, acknowledging contributions from authors and funding agencies, and certifying that the book/chapter is prepared according to the 'Instructions for Authors'. All inconsistencies in the text and in the reference section, and any typographical errors must be carefully checked and corrected before the submission of the book/chapter. The book/chapter contains no such material or information that may be unlawful, defamatory, fabricated, plagiarized, or which would, if published, in any way whatsoever, violate the terms and conditions as laid down in the agreement. The editors/authors acknowledge that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the editors/authors for any such violation of the terms and conditions as laid down in the agreement. Download the Covering letter

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CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Financial contributions to the work being reported should be clearly acknowledged, as should any potential conflict of interest.

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SUPPORTIVE/SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: We do encourage to append supportive material, for example a PowerPoint file containing a talk about the study, a PowerPoint file containing additional screenshots, a Word, RTF, or PDF document showing the original instrument(s) used, a video, or the original data (SAS/SPSS files, Excel files, Access Db files etc.) provided it is inevitable or endorsed by the journal's Editor.

Published/reproduced material should not be included unless you have obtained written permission from the copyright holder, which must be forwarded to the Editorial Office in case of acceptance of your article for publication.

Supportive/Supplementary material intended for publication must be numbered and referred to in the book/chapter but should not be a part of the submitted book/chapter. In-text citations as well as a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary Material" before the "References" section should be provided. Here, list all Supportive/Supplementary Material and include a brief caption line for each file describing its contents.

Any additional files will be linked into the final published book/chapter in the form supplied by the editor/author, but will not be displayed within the book/chapter. They will be made available in exactly the same form as originally provided only on our Web site. Please also make sure that each additional file is a single table, figure or movie (please do not upload linked worksheets or PDF files larger than one sheet). Supportive/ Supplementary material must be provided in a single zipped file not larger than 4 MB.

Editors/Authors must clearly indicate if these files are not for publication but meant for the reviewers'/editors' perusal only.

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AUTHORS AND INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS: The authors will be required to provide their full names, the institutional affiliations and the location, with an asterisk in front of the name of the principal/corresponding author. The corresponding author(s) should be designated and their complete address, business telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address must be stated for correspondence.

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LANGUAGE AND EDITING: Books/Chapters must be written in good English in a clear and correct style. In order to maintain uniformity throughout the text, the book/chapters should be written in either American or British English. Submitted books/chapters will not be edited for style or language, and the publisher or/and reviewers may advise rejection of a book/chapters if it is compromised with grammatical errors. Non-native speakers of English may choose to make use of a copyediting and language editing services provided by Eureka Science (www.eureka-science.com) (please contact at email: publish@eureka.ae)

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SUPER EXPRESS eBOOK PROGRAM: Editors and authors of a Bentham eBook can decide to have their books/chapters published as soon as they are submitted by opting for the "Super Express eBook Program". Under this program, all books/chapters will not be required to be finalized prior to complete publication of the eBook, since individual books/chapters will be published as soon as they are submitted in their final form to the publisher; thus expediting publication of books/chapters.

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COPYRIGHT: Editors/Authors who publish in Bentham eBooks will transfer copyright to their work to Bentham Science Publishers. Authors who choose (see below), however, to have their work published as open access in Bentham eBook, retain exclusive copyright to their work. Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all editors/authors have read and agreed to the content of the Covering Letter or the Terms and Conditions. It is a condition of publication that books/chapters submitted to Bentham eBooks have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the editors/authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the editors/authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a book/chapter the editors/authors agree that the copyright of their book/chapter is transferred to the publishers if and when the book/chapter is accepted for publication. Once submitted to the journal, the editors/authors will not withdraw their book/chapter at any stage prior to publication.

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PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION: Published/reproduced material should not be included unless you have obtained written permission from the copyright holder, which should be forwarded to the Editorial Office in case of acceptance of your book/chapter for publication.

For obtaining permission for reproducing any material published in a paper by Bentham Science Publishers, the request FORM should be filled in and send to ebooks@benthamscience.org for consideration.

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OPEN ACCESS PUBLICATION FEE: For authors who decide to have to have their book/chapter published as open access for free online viewing, a fee of US$ 900 per book/chapter published will apply. This fee is not mandatory, and is an option to authors to publish their book/chapter as open access.

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LIMITED OPEN ACCESS: eBook editors or contributing authors may choose to publish their chapter(s) with Bentham Science at a reduced fee for a limited open access period. For open access publication for a period of either six months or two months (limited open access option) the per chapter open access fee is US$ 540 or US$ 270, respectively. For open access publication for an indefinite period, the fee is US$ 900.

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AUTHOR FEE-BASED OPEN ACCESS e-BOOKS: are freely available to download and view to potentially millions of readers world-wide, thereby having a much greater impact than conventional subscription-based printed or online books. The upfront charge for publishing a single open access eBook is US$ 20 per published page of the first 200 pages and US$ 15 for all additional pages above the first 200 pages.

eLecture can be recent course modules in all disciplines taught to students at institutes of higher education, including schools of medicine and post-graduate institutes. Multi-media files may also be included.

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OPEN ACCESS eBOOK REVIEWS: All journals published by Bentham Open publish open access book reviews on recently published books (both print and electronic) relevant to the journal. Each published eBook will receive a published open access book review in a relevant Bentham Open journal. All published ebooks will be reviewed by an independent expert in the field. There is no fee to Bentham eBook authors for a published open access book review. The open access fee for a published book review is US$ 450.

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REPRINTS: High quality printed reprints of published books/chapters are available for purchase, if ordered, with a minimum number of 100 reprints.

¹The submission process is compatible with version 3.0 or later of Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, and with most other modern Web browsers. It can be used from PC, Mac, or Unix platforms.

²In this connection, we recommend the use of Microsoft Word version 2000 and above.