

Instructions
for Authors
Online Manuscript Submission: An online submission
and tracking service via Internet facilitates a speedy and
cost-effective submission of manuscripts. The full manuscript
has to be submitted online via Bentham's Content Management
System (CMS) at http://bsp-cms.eurekaselect.com/index.php/CNF
View Submission
Instructions
Manuscripts must be submitted by one of the authors of the
manuscript, and should not be submitted by anyone on their
behalf. The principal/corresponding author will be required
to submit a Covering Letter along with the manuscript, on
behalf of all the co-authors (if any). The author(s) will
confirm that the manuscript (or any part of it) has not been
published previously or is not under consideration for publication
elsewhere. Furthermore, any illustration, structure or table
that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright
permission for reproduction must be obtained.
For all online submissions, please provide soft copies of
all the materials (main text in MS Word or Tex/LaTeX), figures
/ illustrations in TIFF, PDF or JPEG, and chemical structures
drawn in ChemDraw (CDX) / ISISDraw (TGF) as separate files,
while a PDF version of the entire manuscript must also be
included, embedded with all the figures / illustrations /
tables / chemical structures etc. It is advisable that the
document files related to a manuscript submission should always
have the name of the corresponding author as part of the file
name, i.e., “Cilli MS text.doc” , “Cilli
MS Figure 1”, etc.
It is imperative that before submission, authors should carefully
proofread the files for special characters, mathematical symbols,
Greek letters, equations, tables, references and images, to
ensure that they appear in proper format.
References, figures, tables, structure etc should
be referred to in the text at the place where they are first
discussed. Figure legends/ captions should also be provided.
A successful electronic submission of a manuscript will be
followed by a system-generated acknowledgement to the principal/corresponding
author. Any queries therein should be addressed to madiha@benthamscience.org
MANUSCRIPTS PUBLISHED:
The Journal publishes peer-reviewed mini- and full-length
reviews and research articles written in English. Single topic/thematic
issues may also be considered for publication.
Single Topic Issues: These special issues
are peer-reviewed and may contain invited or uninvited review/mini-review
articles or a mixture of research articles, and reviews/ mini-reviews.
A Single Topic Issue Editor will offer a short perspective
and co-ordinate the solicitation of manuscripts between 3-5
(for a mini-hot topic) to 6-10 (for full-length hot topic)
from leading scientists. Authors interested in editing a single
topic issue in an emerging topic of nutrition and food science
may submit their proposal to the Editor-in-Chief at cnf@benthamscience.org
for consideration.
MANUSCRIPT LENGTH:
Full-Length Reviews: Full-length reviews should be
8000-40000 words excluding figures, structures, photographs,
schemes, tables etc.
Mini-Reviews: Mini-reviews should be 3000-6000
words excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes,
tables etc.
Research Articles: Research articles should
be 4000-8000 words excluding figures, structures, photographs,
schemes, tables etc. There is a quota of 20% of published
research articles per issue in this journal.
There is no restriction on the number of figures, tables or
additional files e.g. video clips, animation and datasets,
that can be included with each article online. Authors should
include all relevant supporting data with each article (Refer
to Supplementary Material section).
MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION:
The manuscript should be written in English in a clear, direct
and active style. All pages must be numbered sequentially,
facilitating in the reviewing and editing of the manuscript.
For further convenience, our contracted service provider Eureka
Science can provide assistance to authors for the preparation
of manuscripts.
MANUSCRIPT SECTIONS FOR PAPERS: Manuscripts
may be divided into the following sections:
Covering letter
Title
Title page
Abstract
Keywords
Text organization
List of abbreviations (if any)
Conflict of interest (if any)
Acknowledgements (if any)
References
Appendices
Figures/illustrations (if any)
Chemical structures (if any)
Tables (if any)
Supportive/Supplementary Material (if any)
Covering Letter: It is mandatory that
a signed covering letter also be submitted along with the
manuscript by the author to whom correspondence is to be addressed,
delineating the scope of the submitted article declaring the
potential competing interests, acknowledging contributions
from authors and funding agencies, and certifying that the
paper is prepared according to the 'Instructions
for Authors'. All inconsistencies in the text
and in the reference section, and any typographical errors
must be carefully checked and corrected before the submission
of the manuscript. The article should not contain any such
material or information that may be unlawful, defamatory,
fabricated, plagiarized, or which would, if published, in
any way whatsoever, violate the terms and conditions as laid
down in the copyright agreement. The authors acknowledge that
the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action
against the authors for any such violation of the terms and
conditions as laid down in the copy right agreement. DOWNLOAD
COVERING LETTER
Title:
The title of the article should be precise and brief and must
not be more than 120 characters. Authors should avoid the
use of non-standard abbreviations. The title must be written
in title case except for articles, conjunctions and prepositions.
Authors should also provide a short ‘running title’.
Title, running title, by line correspondent foot note and
key words should be written as presented in original manuscript.
Title Page:
Title page should include paper title, author(s)
full name and affiliation, corresponding author(s) names complete
affiliation/address, along with phone, fax and email.
Abstract: The abstract should
not exceed 250 words for review and research papers summarizing
the essential features of the article.
Keywords: Author must supply 6-8 keywords in alphabetical
order.
Text Organization: The main text should begin
on a separate page and should be divided into title page,
abstract and the main text. The text may be subdivided further
according to the areas to be discussed, which should be followed
by the Acknowledgement (if any) and Reference sections. For
the Research article the manuscript should begin with the
title page and abstract following by the main text, which
must be structured into separate sections as Introduction,
Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements
and References. The Review Article should mention any previous
important recent & old reviews in the field and contain
a comprehensive discussion starting with the general background
of the field. It should then go on to discuss the salient
features of recent developments. The authors should avoid
presenting material which has already been published in a
previous review. The authors are advised to present and discuss
their observations in brief. The manuscript style must be
uniform throughout the text and 10 pt Times New Roman fonts
should be used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede
its first appearance in the text unless it is a standard unit
of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square
brackets in the text. Italics should be used for Binomial
names of organisms (Genus and Species), for emphasis and for
unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin
or other languages should also be italicized e.g. per
se, et al. etc.
Standard Protocol on Approvals, Registrations,
Patient Consents & Animal Protection: All
clinical investigations must be conducted according to the
Declaration of Helsinki principles. Authors must comply with
the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (http://www.icmje.org)
with regard to the patient’s consent for research or
participation in a study. Patients' names, initials, or hospital
numbers must not be mentioned anywhere in the manuscript (including
figures). Editors may request that authors provide documentation
of the formal review and recommendation from the institutional
review board or ethics committee responsible for oversight
of the study.
In addition to the standard patient consent for participation
in research, authors are responsible for obtaining patient
consent-to-disclose forms for all recognizable patients in
photographs, videos, or other information that may be published
in the Journal, in derivative works, or on the journal’s
web site and providing the manuscript to the recognizable
patient for review before submission. The consent-to-disclose
form should indicate specific use (publication in the medical
literature in print and online, with the understanding that
patients and the public will have access) of the patient's
information and any images in figures or videos, and must
contain the patient's signature or that of a legal guardian
along with a statement that the patient or legal guardian
has been offered the opportunity to review the identifying
materials and the accompanying manuscript.
For research involving animals, the authors should indicate
whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the
standards set forth in the Guide for the Care and Use
of Laboratory Animals (published by the National Academy
of Science, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.).
A specific declaration of such approval and consent-to-disclose
form must be made in the cover letter and in a stand-alone
paragraph at the end of the Methods section especially in
the case of human studies where inclusion of a statement regarding
obtaining the written informed consent from each subject or
subject's guardian is a must. The original should be retained
by the guarantor or corresponding author. Editors may request
to provide the original forms by fax or email.
Greek Symbols and Special Characters:
Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting
changes and get corrupted or lost during preparation of manuscript
for publication. To ensure that all special characters used
are embedded in the text, these special characters should
be inserted as a symbol but should not be a result of any
format styling (Symbol font face) otherwise they
will be lost during conversion to PDF/XML.
Authors are encouraged to consult reporting guidelines. These
guidelines provide a set of recommendations comprising a list
of items relevant to their specific research design. Chemical
equations, chemical names, mathematical usage, unit of measurements,
chemical and physical quantity & units must conform
to SI and Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC.
All kinds of measurements should be reported only in International
System of Units (SI).
List of Abbreviations (if any): If abbreviations
are used in the text either they should be defined in the
text where first used, or a list of abbreviations can be provided.
Conflict of Interest: Financial contributions
to the work being reported must be clearly acknowledged, as
should any potential conflict of interest under the heading
‘Conflict of Interest’. Authors must list the
source(s) of funding for the study, for each author, and for
the manuscript preparation.
Acknowledgements: All individuals listed
as authors must have contributed substantially to the design,
performance, analysis, or reporting of the work and are required
to indicate their specific contribution. Anyone (individual/company/institution)
who has substantially contributed to the study for important
intellectual content, or who was involved in the article’s
drafting the manuscript or revising must also be acknowledged.
Guest or honorary authorship based solely on position (e.g.
research supervisor, departmental head) is discouraged.
The specific requirements for authorship have been defined
by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
(ICMJE; http://www.icmje.org).
Examples of authors' contributions are: 'designed research/study',
'performed research/study', 'contributed important reagents',
'collected data', 'analyzed data', 'wrote paper' etc. This
information must be included in the submitted manuscript as
a separate paragraph under the heading ‘Acknowledgements’.
The corresponding author is responsible for obtaining permission
from all co-authors for the submission of any version of the
manuscript and for any changes in the authorship.
References: References must be listed in
the Vancouver Style only. All references should be numbered
sequentially [in square brackets] in the text and listed in
the same numerical order in the reference section. The reference
numbers must be finalized and the bibliography must be fully
formatted before submission.
See below few examples of references listed in the Vancouver
Style:
Journal Reference:
[1] Cortright DN, Szallasi A. TRP channels and pain. Curr
Pharm Des 2009; 15(15): 1736-49.
[2] Frankel AE, Zuckero SL, Mankin AA, et al. Anti-CD3
recombinant diphtheria mmunotoxin therapy of cutaneous T cell
lymphoma. Curr Drug Targets 2009; 10: 104-9.
Book Reference:
[3] Schmidt LD. The engineering of chemical reactions, 2nd
ed. Oxford University Press: New York 2005; pp. 71-88.
Book Chapter Reference:
[4] Ford HL, Sclafani RA, Degregori J. Cell cycle regulatory
casacade. In: Stein GS, Pardee AB, Eds. Cell cycle and growth
control: bimolecular regulation and cancer, 2nd
ed. Wiley- Liss: Hoboken, NJ 2004; pp. 42-67.
Conference Proceedings:
[5] Harris AH, Ed. Economics and health: 1997: Proceedings
of the 19th Australian Conference of Health Economists; 1997
Sep 13-14; Sydney, Australia. Kensington, N.S.W.: School of
Health Services Management, University of New South Wales
1998.
URL(WebPage):
[6] Anthony M. Nutrition beyond the trends: Boron’s
a beneficial bone builder [Online] 2005 [cited 2005]. Available
at: http:www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2005/417.html
Patent:
[7] Pagedas AC. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting
device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent
US 20020103498, 2002 Aug 1.
Thesis:
[8] Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone
survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD dissertation. Mount Pleasant
(MI): Central Micihigan University 2002.
E-citations:
[9] Citations for articles/material published exclusively
online or in open access (free-to-view), must contain the
exact Web addresses (URLs) at the end of the reference(s),
except those posted on an author’s Web site unless editorially
essential, e.g. ‘Reference: Available from:
URL’.
Some important points to remember:
• All references must be complete and accurate.
• It is necessary to list all authors if the total number
of authors is 6 or less and for more than 6 authors cite 3
authors and then use et al. (the term “et
al.” should be in italics).
• Online citations should include the date of access.
• Journal abbreviations should follow the Index Medicus/MEDLINE.
• Take special care of the punctuation convention as
described in the above-mentioned examples.
• Superscript in the in-text citations and reference
section should be avoided.
• Abstracts, unpublished data and personal communications
(which can only be included if prior permission has been obtained)
should not be given in the reference section but they may
be mentioned in the text and details provided as footnotes.
• The authors are encouraged to use a recent version
of EndNote (version 5 and above) or Reference Manager (version
10) when formatting their reference list, as this allows references
to be automatically extracted.
Appendices: In case there
is a need to present lengthy, but essential methodological
details, use appendices, which can be a part of the article.
An appendix must not exceed three pages (Times New Roman,
12 point fonts, 900 max. words per page).The information should
be provided in a condensed form, ruling out the need of full
sentences. A single appendix should be titled APPENDIX, while
more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and so
on.
Figures/Illustrations (if any):
All authors must strictly follow the guidelines below for
preparing illustrations for publication Current
Nutrition & Food Science. If the figures
are found to be sub-standard, then the manuscripts will be
rejected/and the authors offered the option of figure improvement
professionally by Bentham Publishing Services.
The costs for such improvement will be charged
to the authors.
The authors should provide the illustrations as separate files,
as well as embedded in the text file, numbered consecutively
in the order of their appearance. Each figure should include
a single illustration. Each figure should be closely cropped
to minimize the amount of white space surrounding the illustration.
If a figure consists of separate parts, it is important that
a single composite illustration file be submitted, containing
all parts of the figure.
Photographs should be provided with a scale bar if appropriate,
as well as high-resolution component files.
Scaling/Resolution
For Line Art image type, which is generally an image based
on lines and text and does not contain tonal or shaded areas,
the preferred file format is TIFF or EPS, with color mode
being Monochrome 1-bit or RGB, in a resolution of 900-1200
dpi.
For Halftone image type, which is generally a continuous tone
photograph and contains no text, the preferred file format
is TIFF, with color mode being RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution
of 300 dpi.
For Combination image type, which is generally an image containing
halftone in addition to text or line art elements, the preferred
file format is TIFF, with color mode being RGB or Grayscale,
in a resolution of 500-900 dpi.
Formats
For illustrations, the following file formats are acceptable:
• Illustrator
• EPS (preferred format for diagrams)
• PDF (also especially suitable for
diagrams)
• PNG (preferred format for photos or
images)
• Microsoft Word (version 5 and above;
figures must be a single page)
• PowerPoint (figures must be a single
page)
• TIFF
• JPEG (conversion should be done using
the original file)
• BMP
• CDX (ChemDraw)
• TGF (ISISDraw)
Bentham Science does not process figures submitted
in GIF format.
If the large size of TIFF or EPS figures acts as an obstacle
to online submission, authors may find that conversion to
JPEG format before submission results in significantly reduced
file size and upload time, while retaining acceptable quality.
JPEG is a 'lossy' format. However, in order to maintain acceptable
image quality, it is recommended that JPEG files are saved
at High or Maximum quality.
Files should not be compressed with tools such as Zipit or
Stuffit prior to submission as these tools will in any case
produce negligible file-size savings for JPEGs and TIFFs,
which are already compressed.
Please do not:
1. Supply embedded graphics in your word processor (spreadsheet,
presentation) document;
2. Supply files that are optimized for screen use (like GIF,
BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
3. Supply files that are too low in resolution;
4. Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the
content.
Image Conversion Tools:
There are many software packages, many of them
freeware or shareware, capable of converting to and from different
graphics formats, including PNG.
Good general tools for image conversion include GraphicConverter
on the Macintosh, PaintShop Pro, for Windows, and ImageMagick,
which is available on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX platforms.
Note that bitmap images (e.g. screenshots) should not be converted
to EPS, since this will result in a much larger file size
than the equivalent JPEG, TIFF, PNG or BMP, with no increase
in quality. EPS should only be used for images produced by
vector-drawing applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw.
Most vector-drawing applications can be saved in, or exported
as, EPS format. In case the images have been originally prepared
in an Office application, such as Word or PowerPoint, then
the original Office files should be directly uploaded to the
site, instead of being converted to JPEG or another format
that may be of low quality.
Color Figures/Illustrations:
The cost for the first published page
of color figures is US$ 940; the second
additional page will be for US$ 685 and
each subsequent page for US$ 465.
Color figures should be supplied in
CMYK not RGB colors.
Chemical Structures:
Chemical structures must be prepared in ChemDraw/CDX and provided as separate file.
Structure Drawing Preferences:
[As according to the Vancouver style sheet]
Drawing Settings:
Chain angle 120°
Bond spacing 18% of width
Fixed length 14.4 pt (0.500cm, 0.2in)
Bold width 2.0 pt (0.071cm, 0.0278in)
Line width 0.6 pt (0.021cm, 0.0084in)
Margin width 1.6 pt (0.096cm)
Hash spacing 2.5 pt (0.088cm, 0.0347in)
Text settings:
Font Times New Roman
Size 8 pt
Under the Preference Choose:
Units points
Tolerances 3 pixels
Under Page Setup Use:
Paper US letter
Scale 100%
Tables
• Data Tables should be submitted in Microsoft Word table format.
• Each table should include a title/caption being explanatory in itself with respect to the details discussed in the table. Detailed legends may then follow.
• Table number in bold font i.e. Table 1, should follow a title. The title should be in small case with the first letter in caps. A full stop should be placed at the end of the title.
• Tables should be embedded in the text exactly according to their appropriate placement in the submitted manuscript.
• Columns and rows of data should be made visibly distinct by ensuring that the borders of each cell are displayed as black lines.
• Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially in order of their citation in the body of the text.
• If a reference is cited in both the table and text, please insert a lettered footnote in the table to refer to the numbered reference in the text.
• Tabular data provided as additional files can be submitted as an Excel spreadsheet.
Supportive/Supplementary Material:
We do encourage to append supportive material, for example
a PowerPoint file containing a talk about the study, a PowerPoint
file containing additional screenshots, a Word, RTF, or PDF
document showing the original instrument(s) used, a video,
or the original data (SAS/SPSS files, Excel files, Access
Db files etc.) provided it is inevitable or endorsed
by the journal's Editor.
Supportive/Supplementary material intended for publication
must be numbered and referred to in the manuscript but should
not be a part of the submitted paper. In-text citations as
well as a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary
Material" before the "References" section should
be provided. Here, list all Supportive/Supplementary Material
and include a brief caption line for each file describing
its contents.
Any additional files will be linked into the final published
article in the form supplied by the author, but will not be
displayed within the paper. They will be made available in
exactly the same form as originally provided only on our Web
site. Please also make sure that each additional file is a
single table, figure or movie (please do not upload linked
worksheets or PDF files larger than one sheet). Supportive/
Supplementary material must be provided in a single zipped
file not larger than 4 MB.
Authors must clearly indicate if these files are not for publication
but meant for the reviewers'/editors' perusal only.
PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION: Published/reproduced
material should not be included unless you have obtained written
permission from the copyright holder, which should be forwarded
to the Editorial Office in case of acceptance of your article
for publication.
For obtaining permission for reproducing any material published
in an article by Bentham Science Publishers, please fill in
the request FORM
and send to cnf@benthamscience.org
for consideration.
AUTHORS AND INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS:
The author will be required to provide their full
names, the institutional affiliations and the location, with
an asterisk in front of the name of the principal/corresponding
author. The corresponding author(s) should be designated and
their complete address, business telephone and fax numbers
and e-mail address must be stated to receive correspondence
and galley proofs.
PAGE CHARGES: No page charges will be levied to authors
for the publication of their article.
LANGUAGE AND EDITING: Manuscripts
submitted containing many English typographical errors will
not be published. Manuscripts which are accepted for publication
on condition that the written English submitted is corrected,
will be sent a quote by Eureka
Science, a professional language editing company. Authors
from non-English language countries who have poor English
language written skills, are advised to contact the language
editing company prior to submitting their manuscript to the
journal. Please contact Eureka
Science for a language editing quote at e-mail: info@eureka-science.com
stating the total number of words of the article to be edited.
PROOF CORRECTIONS: Authors will receive page proofs
of their accepted paper before publications. To avoid delays
in publication, proofs should be checked immediately for typographical
errors and returned within 48 hours. Major
changes are not acceptable at the proof stage. If unable to
send corrections within 48 hours due to some
reason, the author(s) must at least send an acknowledgement
on receiving the galley proofs or the article will be published
exactly as received and the publishers will not be responsible
for any error occurring in the published manuscript in this
regard.
The corresponding author will be solely responsible for ensuring
that the revised version of the manuscript incorporating all
the submitted corrections receives the approval of all the
co-authors of the manuscript.
REPRINTS: Each first-named (corresponding) author
will receive electronically five free eprints. Reprints may
be ordered from the Publisher prior to publication of the
article. First named authors may also order a personal print
and online subscription of the journal at 50% off the normal
subscription rate by contacting the subscription department
at e-mail: subscriptions@benthamscience.org
OPEN ACCESS PLUS: Accepted articles can be published
online for free open access for all to view, and be deposited
by the Publishers in PubMed Central. Open access publishing
provides the maximum dissemination of the article to the largest
audience. Authors must pay for this service. All corresponding
authors will be asked to indicate whether or not they wish
to pay to have their paper made freely available on publication.
If authors do not select the Open Access option, then their
article will be published with standard subscription-based
access at no charge.
Bentham Science offers authors the choice of open access publication
of their articles at a fee of US$ 700 per
published article which allows indefinite free-to-view online
publication with Bentham Science.
For more information please contact us at e-mail: openaccess@benthamscience.org
REVIEWING AND PROMPTNESS OF PUBLICATION:
All papers submitted for publication are immediately subjected
to editorial scrutiny, usually in consultation with members
of the journal Editorial Advisory Board and outside independent
reviewers. Every effort will be made to peer review submitted
papers quickly. Papers which are delayed by authors in revision
for more than 30 days will have to be re-submitted as a new
submission. Papers accepted for publication are typeset and
proofs are dispatched to authors for any corrections prior
to final publication.
COPYRIGHT:
Authors who publish in Bentham Science print &
online journals will transfer copyright to
their work to Bentham Science Publishers. Submission
of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all
authors have read and agreed to the content of the Covering
Letter or the Terms and Conditions. It is a condition
of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal
have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted
or published elsewhere. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden,
and by submitting the article for publication the authors
agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate
action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information
is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree
that the copyright of their article is transferred to the
publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.
Once submitted to the journal, the author will not withdraw
their manuscript at any stage prior to publication.
Plagiarism Prevention: Bentham Science Publisher uses the iThenticate software to detect instances of overlapping and similar text in submitted manuscripts. iThenticate software checks content uploaded by a journal editorial office against a database of periodicals, the Internet, and a comprehensive article database. It generates a similarity report, including the percentage overlap between the uploaded article and published material. Any instances of content overlap are treated according to a journal's peer review integrity statement and the policies recommended by the editorial Committee. You are assured that the publisher, where you are submitting your manuscript, is committed to actively combating plagiarism and publishing original research.
E-Pub Ahead of Schedule:
Bentham Science Publishers are pleased to offer electronic
publication of accepted papers prior to scheduled publication.
These peer-reviewed papers can be cited using the date of
access and the unique DOI number. Any final changes in manuscripts
will be made at the time of print publication and will be
reflected in the final electronic version of the issue. Articles
ahead of schedule may be ordered by pay-per-view at the relevant
links by each article stated via the E-Pub
Ahead of Schedule (http://www.benthamscience.com/cnf/E-Pub-Ahead-of-Schedule.htm).
Disclaimer: Articles appearing in E-Pub Ahead-of-Schedule sections have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication in this journal and posted online before scheduled publication. Articles appearing here may contain statements, opinions, and information that have errors in facts, figures, or interpretation. Accordingly, Bentham Science Publishers, the editors and authors and their respective employees are not responsible or liable for the use of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or information contained of articles in the E-Pub Ahead-of-Schedule.
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